How much does it cost to live in Keelung as a digital nomad?

A single person typically spends about $1,550 per month in Keelung (a country-level estimate for Taiwan). That is a 53/100 cost score, where 100 is the cheapest city in the dataset.

Is Keelung safe for digital nomads?

Keelung scores 86/100 on safety. Taiwan records 0.8 homicides per 100,000 people per year (WHO, 2021) and a political-stability score of 83.1/100 (World Bank WGI). Both figures are national, so neighbourhood-level risk can differ.

Does Taiwan have a digital nomad visa?

Yes. Taiwan offers the Digital nomad visitor visa with a minimum income of about $3,333 per month. Verify current rules with the issuing authority before applying. Full guide: https://nostos.navoy.io/visas/taiwan

How fast is the internet in Keelung?

Measured median download speed in Keelung was 67.7 Mbps (upload 32.2 Mbps) across 929 M-Lab tests in 2024. Measured speeds run below advertised plan speeds everywhere, so compare cities rather than reading the number as a plan.

Is Starlink available in Keelung?

Not yet. Starlink's availability map lists Taiwan as coming soon (Service date is unknown at this time) as of 2026-10. Roaming plans may work for short stays, but local rules on using them vary.

Which airports serve Keelung and how many nonstop flights are there?

Keelung is served by Taoyuan International Airport (TPE) with 104 nonstop destinations and Songshan Airport (TSA) with 15 nonstop destinations, 113 unique destinations across all of them, of which 107 are international. 11 US airports have a nonstop link. Source: Wikipedia, 2026-10.

When is the best time of year to be in Keelung?

The most comfortable months are Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, Oct, Nov, Dec. Mean temperatures range from 63°F (17°C) in Jan to 83°F (28°C) in Jul (NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology).

Keelung or Taitung: which is better for digital nomads?

Taitung is the city with the closest factor profile to Keelung in this dataset. Which one wins depends on your weights; the comparison page puts every factor side by side with the numbers behind them.

Photo: Taiwankengo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Keelung

Taiwan · Asia · 362,487 people · Asia/Taipei · TWD

Keelung scores 70.2/100 for digital nomads under balanced weights, ranking 69 of 1501 cities. Expect about $1,550 per month (country-level estimate), a nomad visa (Digital nomad visitor visa), and a measured median download speed of 67.7 Mbps.

Keelung is a working port on Taiwan's northern tip, with a temple-side night market, harbour seafood and the colourful houses of Zhengbin. Trains reach Taipei in about 45 minutes, so rents are lower with the capital close by. It is one of Taiwan's wettest cities, especially in winter. Taiwan's digital nomad visitor visa allows stays of up to two years for visa-exempt nationals.

Miaokou night market
Harbour seafood
Frequent rain
Commuter trains to Taipei

Balanced score

out of 100

Vibe check

Cost5.9
Safety9.5
Health9.7
Internet9.0
Visa7.9
Mobility4.0
Climate6.5
Air8.5
QoL9.1

Rank 69 of 1,501 · its cost is a national estimate, so Top 10 lists rank it after cities with a local price

Rank with your own weights →Plan a trip to Keelung →

Monthly cost$1,550country estimate
Nomad visaYesmin $3,333/mo
Internet67.7 Mbpsmeasured median
Comfortable months7 of 1259–82°F (15–28 °C), dry, not humid

For US nomads

US passport entry
90 days visa-free
no visa needed for a visit
Time vs New York
13 hours ahead of New York
0h of a 9–6 day overlap with Eastern time
Time vs Los Angeles
16 hours ahead of Los Angeles
0h of a 9–6 day overlap with Pacific time
Non-stop from the US
11 US airports
Wikipedia, 2026-10

Prices are in US dollars. US citizens are taxed on worldwide income; the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion and state residency rules are worth a look before a long stay.

Eating out

OpenStreetMap, 2026-11¹⁶

174restaurants within 3 km

Mapped around the centre of Keelung: a modest scene, worth checking the neighbourhoods. A count of what is on the map, not a rating, and it does not affect the score.

How Keelung scores, factor by factor

Superscripts link to the source list at the bottom. Country-level figures apply to all of Taiwan.

Cost of living

Monthly cost for one person (log-scaled, cheaper is better).

Monthly cost, one person: $1,550² · country-level, 2026-09
Central one-bedroom rent: no data³ · city-level, 2026-09 — no city-level rent row in the WhereToEmigrate dataset

Safety

Homicide rate and political stability (country-level).

Homicide rate: 0.8 per 100k⁴ · country-level, 2021
Political stability: 83.1/100⁵ · country-level, 2025

Healthcare

WHO universal-health-coverage index and life expectancy (country-level).

UHC service coverage: no data⁶ · country-level, 2021 — no WHO UHC_INDEX_REPORTED for TWN
Life expectancy: 80.2 years⁷ · country-level, 2023

Internet

Median measured download and upload speed (M-Lab, city-level; the province or country aggregate where the city has too few tests).

Median download: 67.7 Mbps⁸ · city-level, 2024
Median upload: 32.2 Mbps⁸ · city-level, 2024
Tests measured: 929⁸ · city-level, 2024
Starlink: Coming soon (Service date is unknown at this time)⁹ · country-level, 2026-10, not scored

Visa ease

How easily your passport gets in and stays: visa-free days, eTA, visa on arrival, e-visa or consular visa, plus a nomad visa and how affordable its income threshold is. Averages US, EU and UK passports until you pick yours.

Nomad visa: Digital nomad visitor visa¹⁰ · min income $3,333/mo
Entry, US passport: 90 days¹¹ · country-level, 2026-02
Entry, EU passport: 90 days¹¹ · country-level, 2026-02
Entry, UK passport: 90 days¹¹ · country-level, 2026-02

Getting there & around

Non-stop airport destinations (hub size) plus editorial walkability and transit ratings.

Non-stop destinations from TPE/TSA: 113¹² · city-level, 2026-10
Walkability: 3/5¹³ · editorial, 2026-09
Public transit: 3/5¹³ · editorial, 2026-09

Climate

Share of months that are comfortable: 59–82°F (15–28 °C) mean, at most 5.9 in (150 mm) rain, at most 85% humidity.

Comfortable months: 7 of 12¹⁴ · city-level, 2001–2020 normals

Air quality

Annual mean PM2.5 on a fixed scale: 5 µg/m³ (WHO guideline) scores 100, 50 µg/m³ or worse scores 0.

Annual mean PM2.5: 15.4 µg/m³¹⁵ · city-level, 2023

Quality of life

Human Development Index and English proficiency (country-level).

Human Development Index: 0.926¹⁷ · country-level, 2021
English proficiency: moderate¹⁸ · country-level, 2024

What does Keelung cost per month?

Total, one person	$1,550	country estimate
One-bedroom rent, centre	no data	city-level rent unavailable
Country cost index (US = 100)	43	country

Can you stay legally?

Digital nomad visa · Taiwan

Digital nomad visitor visa

Not yet reviewedSubmit a review →

Income: $3,333/month
Initial stay: 6 months, renewable up to 2 years
Apply: Consulate, then in the country

Read the Taiwan digital nomad visa guide →

Nomad visa	Digital nomad visitor visa
Minimum income	$3,333/month
US passport	90 days
EU passport	90 days
UK passport	90 days

Visa rules change often. Verify with the issuing government before you book.

Do you pay tax here on income from abroad?

Tax status · Taiwan

Foreign investment income is outside regular tax, but remote work done in Taiwan is taxed after 90 days

Territorial

Taiwan taxes income from Taiwan sources only. Pay for work you do while in Taiwan is Taiwan-source, even from a foreign employer, once you stay over 90 days in a calendar year: 18% flat as a non-resident, 5%–40% from 183 days. Foreign dividends, interest, rent and gains are outside regular tax; a 20% minimum tax can reach them only if they total NT$1 million and basic income tops NT$7.5 million.

Remote work income
Salary from a foreign employer or fees from foreign clients
Taxed
5%–40% progressive for residents; 18% flat for non-residents staying 91–182 days
Investments and pensions
Dividends, interest, gains, rent and pensions from abroad
Not taxed
0% in the regular system; 20% minimum tax only above NT$7.5 million of basic income
Wealth
Net wealth and inheritance
No wealth tax
Inheritance tax applies

Tax resident after: 183 days a year
Top income tax rate: 40%

On the nomad visa

Taiwan's digital nomad visitor visa, launched in January 2025, is a visitor visa with no residence permit, and it gives no tax status of its own: the 90-day and 183-day counts apply as to anyone. Up to 90 days in a calendar year, pay from a foreign employer is not taxed. From 91 to 182 days, that pay is Taiwan-source and taxed at a flat 18%, filed before you leave. From 183 days in the same calendar year you are resident and taxed at 5%–40% on it, while foreign investment income stays outside regular tax unless the minimum tax applies. Holders cannot join National Health Insurance without a residence permit, which is why the visa requires private health cover.

Salary from a foreign employer or fees from foreign clients

Taxed5%–40% progressive for residents; 18% flat for non-residents staying 91–182 days

Remuneration for services performed in Taiwan is Taiwan-source income wherever the payer is (Income Tax Act, Article 8(3)). The only exception is for a non-resident who stays 90 days or less in the calendar year and is paid by an employer outside Taiwan: that pay is exempt. Over 90 days, the pay is Taiwan-source. A non-resident (91 to 182 days) owes a flat 18% on it, filed and paid before leaving Taiwan, because no Taiwanese payer withholds it (Article 73). From 183 days you are resident: the pay is added to your other Taiwan income and taxed at 5%–40% after a NT$101,000 personal exemption, a NT$136,000 standard deduction and a salary deduction of up to NT$227,000 (2026 amounts), on a return filed from 1 to 31 May of the next year. The tax office asks for a certificate from the foreign employer, certified by a local tax authority, notary or CPA. The 90-day exception is written for pay from a foreign employer; whether it also covers freelance fees from foreign clients is not stated, so freelancers should assume their fees for work done in Taiwan are taxable. National Health Insurance is compulsory for holders of a residence permit after six months in Taiwan, or from day one with a Taiwanese employer; visitors cannot join. A tax agreement between Taiwan and your home country may change the result, so check yours.

On the nomad visa

Income Tax Act (所得稅法), amended 11 September 2026 · Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Ministry of Justice · read 2026-10-27
Art 2 (tax on Taiwan-source income); Art 4-1 (securities transaction income not taxed); Art 4-4 and 14-4 (house and land tax on property bought from 2016, 45%–15% for residents, 45%/35% for non-residents); Art 7 (resident: domicile and habitual residence, or 183 days in a tax year); Art 8 (source rules, services performed in Taiwan, 90-day exception for foreign-employer pay); Art 15 (8.5% dividend credit capped at NT$80,000 or 28% separate rate); Art 17 (NT$270,000 savings deduction); Art 71 (returns 1–31 May); Art 73 (non-residents file before departure)
MOF announcement 台財稅字第11404664070號: 2026 exemptions, deductions and tax brackets · Executive Yuan Gazette (Ministry of Finance announcement of 27 November 2025) · read 2026-10-27
For 2026 income: NT$101,000 exemption, NT$136,000 standard deduction, NT$227,000 salary deduction, brackets 5% to NT$610,000, 12% to NT$1,380,000, 20% to NT$2,770,000, 30% to NT$5,190,000, 40% above
Income Basic Tax Act (所得基本稅額條例) · Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Ministry of Justice · read 2026-10-27
Art 3 (non-residents taxed by withholding are outside the minimum tax); Art 12 (foreign income counted when a household's total reaches NT$1 million; unlisted share gains); Art 12-1 (controlled foreign company profits, 10% holding, NT$1 million threshold); Art 13 (20% basic tax, statutory deduction indexed)
Individual basic tax: computation (四、基本稅額之計算) · Ministry of Finance Tax Portal (etax.nat.gov.tw) · read 2026-10-27
Basic tax = (basic income − NT$7.5 million) × 20%; updated 2026-04-27
Individual basic tax: who must file (一、應填寫個人所得基本稅額申報表之申報戶) · Ministry of Finance Tax Portal (etax.nat.gov.tw) · read 2026-10-27
Non-residents exempt from annual filing and households with basic income of NT$7.5 million or less need not file
Individual basic tax: foreign tax credit (七、海外已納稅額之扣抵) · Ministry of Finance Tax Portal (etax.nat.gov.tw) · read 2026-10-27
Foreign tax on income counted in basic income is creditable up to the extra basic tax it causes, with a foreign tax receipt
Items included in individual basic income (應計入個人基本所得額之項目有那些?) · Ministry of Finance Tax Portal (etax.nat.gov.tw) · read 2026-10-27
Overseas income including CFC profits counted only when a household's total reaches NT$1 million; separately taxed dividends also counted
Alien income tax and length of stay (一、外僑綜合所得稅與居留期間的關係) · Ministry of Finance Tax Portal (etax.nat.gov.tw) · read 2026-10-27
Up to 90 days, 91–182 days and 183 days or more in a calendar year; non-residents file foreign-employer pay before departure; residents taxed at progressive rates
Counting days of stay (四、居留日數之計算) · Ministry of Finance Tax Portal (etax.nat.gov.tw) · read 2026-10-27
Days from passport stamps or entry-exit certificate; arrival day not counted, departure day counted; trips in one year added up
Income recognition for foreigners (五、所得之認定) · Ministry of Finance Tax Portal (etax.nat.gov.tw) · read 2026-10-27
Foreign-employer pay exempt up to 90 days; above 90 days a foreign employer certificate certified by a tax authority, notary or CPA is required
Withholding rates for non-residents (十八、非中華民國境內居住之個人之扣繳率規定) · Ministry of Finance Tax Portal (etax.nat.gov.tw) · read 2026-10-27
Salary 18% (6% at or below 1.5 times the minimum wage); dividends 21%; interest 20% (15% on some bonds); rent 20%; foreign-employer pay over 90 days 18%
Act for the Recruitment and Employment of Foreign Professionals (外國專業人才延攬及僱用法), amended 24 September 2025 · Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Ministry of Justice · read 2026-10-27
Art 22 (5-year relief: half of salary above NT$3 million exempt in years with 183 days, foreign income excluded from basic tax); Art 23 (National Health Insurance from the start for employed professionals with residence permits)
Regulations on Income Tax Relief for Foreign Special Professionals (外國特定專業人才減免所得稅辦法), amended 2 March 2026 · Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Ministry of Justice · read 2026-10-27
Art 3 (first residence for work, related professional work, no household registration or tax residence in the prior 5 years; Gold Card holders); Art 4 (5 years from the first year with 183 days and salary over NT$3 million; salary from Taiwanese and foreign employers); Art 5 (claim on each year's return)
Estate and Gift Tax Act (遺產及贈與稅法) · Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Ministry of Justice · read 2026-10-27
Arts 1 and 3 (worldwide for Taiwanese nationals living in Taiwan, Taiwan assets only for foreigners); Art 4 (2-year domicile test); Arts 13 and 19 (10%, 15%, 20% rates)
MOF announcement: 2026 estate and gift tax amounts (遺產及贈與稅法第12條之1) · Executive Yuan Gazette (Ministry of Finance announcement of 27 November 2025) · read 2026-10-27
For 2026: estate exemption NT$13.33 million, brackets NT$56.21 million and NT$112.42 million; gift exemption NT$2.44 million a year
House Tax Act (房屋稅條例) · Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Ministry of Justice · read 2026-10-27
Art 5: 1.2% self-occupied (1% for a sole low-value home); 2%–4.8% other residential, with local rates by number of homes held nationwide
Land Tax Act (土地稅法) · Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Ministry of Justice · read 2026-10-27
Art 16 (land value tax 1% to 5.5%); Art 17 (0.2% self-use residential land); Art 33 (land value increment tax 20%, 30%, 40%)
Deed Tax Act (契稅條例) · Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Ministry of Justice · read 2026-10-27
Art 3: 6% deed tax on purchases
National Health Insurance Act (全民健康保險法) · Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Ministry of Justice · read 2026-10-27
Art 9: foreigners with a residence permit must enrol after six months in Taiwan, or at once if employed by a fixed employer
Digital Nomad Visitor Visa · Bureau of Consular Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) · read 2026-10-27
Visitor visa for remote workers from visa-exempt countries, page created 2 January 2025; requires health and hospitalisation insurance for the whole stay. The page says nothing about tax.

Not yet reviewed by a person · compiled from official pages read on 2026-10-27

General information, not tax advice. Tax treaties, your citizenship and your home country's exit rules can change the answer. US citizens are taxed by the US wherever they live.

Airports and nonstop flights

Keelung is served by 2 airports; a destination reachable from more than one counts once in the total.

Airport	Nonstop destinations	International	From US airports
TPETaoyuan International Airport	104	104	11
TSASongshan Airport	15	9	0
All airports, unique destinations	113	107	11

Wikipedia airport pages as of 2026-10: seasonal routes included, charters and announced-but-not-started routes excluded.

What is the weather like through the year?

Comfortable months by our rule: Oct–Apr. Rank cities for Dec–Feb →

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Mean °F	63	64	66	71	77	81	83	83	80	75	71	65
Rain in	3.9	3.6	5.2	5	9	10.3	6.4	10.4	9.9	4.6	4.5	3.9
Humidity %	82	83	82	83	85	87	85	85	84	81	82	80

Green temperatures mark months that meet the comfort rule (59–82°F, ≤5.9 in rain, ≤85% humidity). NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology at the city coordinates.

Where can you stay in Keelung?

Three ways to live here, and what each does to the monthly budget. Rents are the one-bedroom figures from the cost table; hotels and short lets are priced per night and cost more, most of all in high season.

Option	Rent per month	Monthly total	Notes
One-bedroom outside the centre	—	—	No city-level cost here; the total is a national estimate.
One-bedroom in the centre	—	—	No city-level rent figure for this city.
Hotel or short let	—	—	For the first weeks or a stay under a month. Compare hotels on Navoy →

Monthly rents assume an unfurnished lease of six months or more; furnished monthly lets usually cost 20 to 50 percent more.

Cities with a similar profile

Taitung Taiwan · 68.4
Compare with Keelung →
Taoyuan Taiwan · 66
Compare with Keelung →
Taipei Taiwan · 71
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Hsinchu Taiwan · 66.4
Compare with Keelung →
Hualien Taiwan · 67.9
Compare with Keelung →

Also in Asia: Abbottabad, Agra, Ahmedabad, Ahvaz, Akita, Almaty

Ready to see Keelung for yourself?

Nostos tells you where. Navoy, the AI travel planner behind it, builds the trip: itineraries, places to stay and what to book before you land.

Plan a trip to Keelung →

Opens on navoy.io.

The vibe

What people post about living in Keelung, read for its mood. It is a reading of opinions, not a fact, and it is not part of the score.

Mixed · 62Commenters enjoy Keelung's food, scenery, and friendly locals and find it affordable, but the rainy weather and limited depth as a long-term base keep the picture genuinely mixed.

People praise

food and night markets
friendly locals
affordable costs
scenic port and nature
unique Japanese-era history
fewer crowds than Taipei

People warn about

constant rain and weather
thin evidence on long-term living
nightlife and day-to-day amenities unclear
tourist-focused content

Keelung is charming despite persistent rain and gloomy winters
Great food and seafood make it worth visiting over Taipei
Affordable for Europeans and other visitors used to higher costs
Feels underrated, with nature slowly reclaiming abandoned areas
Few posts from people who have actually lived there long term

Read from 8 videos, 40 comments and 0 posts on 2026-11-08; the summary is written by a language model and can misread sarcasm.

Watch what people say

Frequently asked

How much does it cost to live in Keelung as a digital nomad?: A single person typically spends about $1,550 per month in Keelung (a country-level estimate for Taiwan). That is a 53/100 cost score, where 100 is the cheapest city in the dataset.
Is Keelung safe for digital nomads?: Keelung scores 86/100 on safety. Taiwan records 0.8 homicides per 100,000 people per year (WHO, 2021) and a political-stability score of 83.1/100 (World Bank WGI). Both figures are national, so neighbourhood-level risk can differ.
Does Taiwan have a digital nomad visa?: Yes. Taiwan offers the Digital nomad visitor visa with a minimum income of about $3,333 per month. Verify current rules with the issuing authority before applying. Full guide: https://nostos.navoy.io/visas/taiwan
How fast is the internet in Keelung?: Measured median download speed in Keelung was 67.7 Mbps (upload 32.2 Mbps) across 929 M-Lab tests in 2024. Measured speeds run below advertised plan speeds everywhere, so compare cities rather than reading the number as a plan.
Is Starlink available in Keelung?: Not yet. Starlink's availability map lists Taiwan as coming soon (Service date is unknown at this time) as of 2026-10. Roaming plans may work for short stays, but local rules on using them vary.
Which airports serve Keelung and how many nonstop flights are there?: Keelung is served by Taoyuan International Airport (TPE) with 104 nonstop destinations and Songshan Airport (TSA) with 15 nonstop destinations, 113 unique destinations across all of them, of which 107 are international. 11 US airports have a nonstop link. Source: Wikipedia, 2026-10.
When is the best time of year to be in Keelung?: The most comfortable months are Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, Oct, Nov, Dec. Mean temperatures range from 63°F (17°C) in Jan to 83°F (28°C) in Jul (NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology).
Keelung or Taitung: which is better for digital nomads?: Taitung is the city with the closest factor profile to Keelung in this dataset. Which one wins depends on your weights; the comparison page puts every factor side by side with the numbers behind them.

Sources

Dataset 2026.11.2, published 2026-11-09. Download the full dataset or read the methodology.

1.City population (latest census or official estimate), Wikipedia (citing national statistics offices). CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. City-proper figures; the per-city source URL is stored with the seed row.
2.2026 Cost of Living Index (country level), WhereNext. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Country-level monthly estimate used only where no city-level figure exists; cost_index kept for every city.
3.Cost of Living Global 2026 (city rows), WhereToEmigrate. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. monthly_cost_single_eur and rent_1br_center_eur, converted to USD at the ECB reference rate on the retrieval date (see ecb-frankfurter).
4.Intentional homicide rate, Taiwan (National Police Agency via Wikipedia), Wikipedia, citing Taiwan National Police Agency. CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Taiwan is not covered by WHO GHO.
5.Worldwide Governance Indicators — Political Stability and Absence of Violence (score 0–100), World Bank. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22.
6.UHC service coverage index, World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22.
7.Life expectancy at birth, Taiwan (Ministry of the Interior), Taiwan Ministry of the Interior, Department of Statistics. Open Government Data License, Taiwan. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Taiwan is not covered by WHO GHO; figure transcribed from the MOI abridged life table.
8.M-Lab NDT statistics (city aggregates, 2024), Measurement Lab. CC0 1.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Median of daily median download/upload throughput over 2024 for the city aggregate; sample count is the number of tests. Speeds reflect user-initiated tests, not advertised plans.
9.Starlink availability map, SpaceX (Starlink). Factual status cited from starlink.com. Retrieved 2026-10-07. Residential service status per country from the file Starlink's map loads. Grouped as on the map: launched or available = available; coming soon, pending regulatory approval or test = coming soon; blacklisted = not offered; unknown or excluded = unknown. Shown on city pages and as a ranker filter; not part of any score. Roaming and maritime plans can work in more places.
10.Nostos long-stay visa guides, Navoy. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-10-04. One record per country in data/manual/visas/<iso2>.json, compiled into data/visa-guides.json. Each guide lists the official government pages it was compiled from with retrieval dates. A guide's `verification` field is set only when a named person has re-read every source; until then pages say the guide is not yet reviewed by a person.
11.Passport Index dataset (visa requirements, 199 passports × 199 destinations), Ilya Ilyankou (compiled from passportindex.org). MIT. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Days per visit where stated; 'visa free' without a limit is credited as unlimited; eTA, visa on arrival, e-visa and visa required are credited 0 days for scoring but shown by kind. The default US/EU/UK figures use the US, German and British passports.
12.Airport destinations (Wikipedia airline and destination tables), Wikipedia contributors; countries via Wikidata. CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-24. Distinct destination airports listed in each airport article's passenger table, resolved through Wikidata. Seasonal routes count; charters and routes announced but not yet flying are excluded. The as-of date is the newest article revision among the city's airports. Falls back to the OpenFlights snapshot when an airport has no article or table.
13.Walkability and transit ratings (editorial), Navoy. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Judgment ratings, not measurements. Explained on /methodology.
14.NASA POWER climatology (2001–2020 monthly means), NASA Langley Research Center. Public domain (US Government). Retrieved 2026-09-22. T2M, PRECTOTCORR and RH2M at the city coordinates (0.5° grid). Monthly precipitation = mm/day × days in month.
15.SatPM2.5 satellite-derived annual PM2.5 (V6.GL.02.04), Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group, Washington University in St. Louis. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-10-07. Annual 2023 PM2.5 for the 0.1° grid cell at the city centre, from satellite aerosol retrievals combined with a chemical transport model and ground monitors. Used only for cities with no WHO database row. Where the same country has WHO-measured cities, values are scaled by the median measured/satellite ratio there (corrects desert-dust overestimates in the Gulf). Across 811 cities with both, log-correlation with WHO values is 0.89 and the median difference 2 µg/m³.
16.OpenStreetMap restaurants (Overpass API), OpenStreetMap contributors. ODbL 1.0. Retrieved 2026-10-02. Count of OpenStreetMap elements tagged amenity=restaurant within 3 km of the city centre coordinate. Measures how many restaurants are mapped, which tracks real density well where OpenStreetMap is well maintained (Europe, the Americas, East and Southeast Asia) and under-counts where it is not (parts of Africa and Central Asia).
17.Human Development Index, Taiwan (DGBAS calculation), Taiwan Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. Open Government Data License, Taiwan. Retrieved 2026-09-22. UNDP does not publish an HDI for Taiwan; DGBAS applies the same method.
18.EF English Proficiency Index 2024 (band), EF Education First. Proprietary; band cited as a fact with attribution. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Only the proficiency band is stored, transcribed by hand from the public ranking.

🇺🇸For US nomads