How much does it cost to live in Bydgoszcz as a digital nomad?

A single person typically spends about $1,300 per month in Bydgoszcz (a country-level estimate for Poland). That is a 61/100 cost score, where 100 is the cheapest city in the dataset.

Is Bydgoszcz safe for digital nomads?

Bydgoszcz scores 83/100 on safety. Poland records 0.68 homicides per 100,000 people per year (WHO, 2024) and a political-stability score of 77.8/100 (World Bank WGI). Both figures are national, so neighbourhood-level risk can differ.

Does Poland have a digital nomad visa?

No dedicated digital nomad visa was listed for Poland as of 2026-07. Visitors from the US can stay 90 days visa-free.

How fast is the internet in Bydgoszcz?

Measured median download speed in Bydgoszcz was 42.6 Mbps (upload 20.1 Mbps) across 4,278 M-Lab tests in 2024. Measured speeds run below advertised plan speeds everywhere, so compare cities rather than reading the number as a plan.

Is Starlink available in Bydgoszcz?

Yes. Starlink's availability map lists residential service as available in Poland (checked 2026-10), so a dish can serve as a backup line in Bydgoszcz. Check the exact address on starlink.com before ordering, since capacity varies by area.

Which airports serve Bydgoszcz and how many nonstop flights are there?

Bydgoszcz is served by Bydgoszcz Airport (BZG) with 9 nonstop destinations, of which 7 are international. 0 US airports have a nonstop link. Source: Wikipedia, 2026-07.

When is the best time of year to be in Bydgoszcz?

The most comfortable months are Jun, Jul, Aug. Mean temperatures range from 26°F (-3°C) in Jan to 68°F (20°C) in Jul (NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology).

Bydgoszcz or Rzeszów: which is better for digital nomads?

Rzeszów is the city with the closest factor profile to Bydgoszcz in this dataset. Which one wins depends on your weights; the comparison page puts every factor side by side with the numbers behind them.

Photo: Jan Paweł Bochen · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Bydgoszcz

Poland · Europe · 330,038 people · Europe/Warsaw · PLN

Bydgoszcz scores 64/100 for digital nomads under balanced weights, ranking 491 of 1501 cities. Expect about $1,300 per month (country-level estimate), no dedicated nomad visa, and a measured median download speed of 42.6 Mbps.

Bydgoszcz is a mid-sized Polish city on the Brda river with restored riverside granaries, a leafy Mill Island and a strong classical music tradition. It is affordable, has a good tram network and a small airport with budget routes, and Toruń's medieval old town is about 45 minutes away by train. The city is quiet and overlooked, its old town is small and winters are long and grey.

Mill Island and Brda granaries
Riverside canals and boulevards
Philharmonic and opera
Toruń next door

Balanced score

out of 100

Vibe check

Cost6.8
Safety9.2
Health9.0
Internet8.0
Visa6.7
Mobility2.9
Climate2.8
Air9.0
QoL9.5

Rank 491 of 1,501 · its cost is a national estimate, so Top 10 lists rank it after cities with a local price

Rank with your own weights →Plan a trip to Bydgoszcz →

Monthly cost$1,300country estimate
Nomad visaNone listedUS passport: 90 days
Internet42.6 Mbpsmeasured median
Comfortable months3 of 1259–82°F (15–28 °C), dry, not humid

For US nomads

US passport entry
90 days visa-free
no visa needed for a visit
Time vs New York
6 hours ahead of New York
3h of a 9–6 day overlap with Eastern time
Time vs Los Angeles
9 hours ahead of Los Angeles
0h of a 9–6 day overlap with Pacific time
Non-stop from the US
0 US airports
Wikipedia, 2026-07

Prices are in US dollars. US citizens are taxed on worldwide income; the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion and state residency rules are worth a look before a long stay.

Eating out

OpenStreetMap, 2026-11¹⁶

148restaurants within 3 km

Mapped around the centre of Bydgoszcz: a modest scene, worth checking the neighbourhoods. A count of what is on the map, not a rating, and it does not affect the score.

How Bydgoszcz scores, factor by factor

Superscripts link to the source list at the bottom. Country-level figures apply to all of Poland.

Cost of living

Monthly cost for one person (log-scaled, cheaper is better).

Monthly cost, one person: $1,300² · country-level, 2026-09
Central one-bedroom rent: no data³ · city-level, 2026-09 — no city-level rent row in the WhereToEmigrate dataset

Safety

Homicide rate and political stability (country-level).

Homicide rate: 0.68 per 100k⁴ · country-level, 2024
Political stability: 77.8/100⁵ · country-level, 2025

Healthcare

WHO universal-health-coverage index and life expectancy (country-level).

UHC service coverage: 82/100⁶ · country-level, 2023
Life expectancy: 78.1 years⁷ · country-level, 2023

Internet

Median measured download and upload speed (M-Lab, city-level; the province or country aggregate where the city has too few tests).

Median download: 42.6 Mbps⁸ · city-level, 2024
Median upload: 20.1 Mbps⁸ · city-level, 2024
Tests measured: 4,278⁸ · city-level, 2024
Starlink: Available⁹ · country-level, 2026-10, not scored

Visa ease

How easily your passport gets in and stays: visa-free days, eTA, visa on arrival, e-visa or consular visa, plus a nomad visa and how affordable its income threshold is. Averages US, EU and UK passports until you pick yours.

Nomad visa: none listed¹⁰
Entry, US passport: 90 days¹¹ · country-level, 2026-02
Entry, EU passport: unlimited¹¹ · country-level, 2026-02
Entry, UK passport: 90 days¹¹ · country-level, 2026-02

Getting there & around

Non-stop airport destinations (hub size) plus editorial walkability and transit ratings.

Non-stop destinations from BZG: 9¹² · city-level, 2026-07
Walkability: 4/5¹³ · editorial, 2026-09
Public transit: 3/5¹³ · editorial, 2026-09

Climate

Share of months that are comfortable: 59–82°F (15–28 °C) mean, at most 5.9 in (150 mm) rain, at most 85% humidity.

Comfortable months: 3 of 12¹⁴ · city-level, 2001–2020 normals

Air quality

Annual mean PM2.5 on a fixed scale: 5 µg/m³ (WHO guideline) scores 100, 50 µg/m³ or worse scores 0.

Annual mean PM2.5: 13.4 µg/m³¹⁵ · city-level, 2024

Quality of life

Human Development Index and English proficiency (country-level).

Human Development Index: 0.906¹⁷ · country-level, 2023
English proficiency: high¹⁸ · country-level, 2024

What does Bydgoszcz cost per month?

Total, one person	$1,300	country estimate
One-bedroom rent, centre	no data	city-level rent unavailable
Country cost index (US = 100)	35	country

Can you stay legally?

Nomad visa	none listed
Minimum income	—
US passport	90 days
EU passport	unlimited
UK passport	90 days

Visa rules change often. Verify with the issuing government before you book.

Do you pay tax here on income from abroad?

Tax status · Poland

Residents pay 12%–32% on worldwide earnings (+4% above PLN 1m), 19% on investments; IT freelancers often 12% of revenue

Worldwide income

Once resident, Poland taxes your worldwide income. A salary from abroad pays 12% up to PLN 120,000 and 32% above, plus a 4% solidarity levy above PLN 1,000,000. Freelancers can instead pick 19% flat on profit or a lump sum on revenue (12% for most IT services), plus ZUS and health contributions. Dividends, interest and share gains pay 19%. Newcomers may get up to PLN 85,528 a year tax-free for 4 years, or a PLN 200,000 flat tax on foreign income.

Remote work income
Salary from a foreign employer or fees from foreign clients
Taxed
12%–32% progressive (plus 4% solidarity levy above PLN 1,000,000); self-employed can opt for 19% flat on profit or a 2%–17% lump sum on revenue (12% for most IT services)
Investments and pensions
Dividends, interest, gains, rent and pensions from abroad
Taxed
19% flat on dividends, interest, share and crypto gains; rent 8.5% of revenue up to PLN 100,000 and 12.5% above; pensions at 12%–32%
Wealth
Net wealth and inheritance
No wealth tax
Inheritance tax applies

Tax resident after: 183 days a year
Top income tax rate: 36%

On the nomad visa

Poland has no digital nomad or remote-work visa, and no immigration status changes how you are taxed. Whether you are an EU citizen, on a visa-free Schengen stay or on a national visa or residence permit, you become resident under the centre-of-interests or more-than-183-days test. Before that, pay for work you physically do in Poland is still Polish-source income under the Act, although a tax treaty with your home country may exempt a short stay. Non-EU nationals also need a status that lets them register a business before freelancing through a Polish sole proprietorship.

Salary from a foreign employer or fees from foreign clients

Taxed12%–32% progressive (plus 4% solidarity levy above PLN 1,000,000); self-employed can opt for 19% flat on profit or a 2%–17% lump sum on revenue (12% for most IT services)

Salary from a foreign employer is taxed on the scale: 12% up to PLN 120,000 of taxable income and 32% above, with a PLN 3,600 tax reduction that works like a PLN 30,000 tax-free amount (art. 27). With no Polish payroll, you pay monthly advances yourself (art. 44(1a)). Under 26, up to PLN 85,528 of salary is exempt (art. 21(1)(148)). Freelancers register a sole proprietorship and choose the scale, 19% flat on profit with no tax-free amount (art. 30c; not allowed if you serve your employer of the same year in the same role), or ryczałt on revenue with no cost deductions (see regimes). Each comes with ZUS: after an optional 6 months with only the health contribution and 24 months on a reduced base of PLN 1,441.80, full social contributions on the PLN 5,652 minimum base are up to PLN 1,926.76 a month (including voluntary sickness insurance). The health contribution is 9% of income on the scale, 4.9% on the 19% flat tax (minimum PLN 432.54 a month), and fixed amounts on ryczałt. Social security for employees of a foreign employer depends on EU rules or a bilateral agreement and is not covered here. Foreign tax is relieved by exemption with progression or a credit, as the treaty says (art. 27(8)–(9)).

On the nomad visa

Ulga na przyjazd / ulga na powrót (relief for people moving to Poland)4 years
Up to PLN 85,528 a year of salary, mandate-contract and business income (on the scale, 19% flat, IP Box or ryczałt) is exempt from income tax. The cap is shared with the under-26 and other similar reliefs. Social and health contributions are still due, and income above the cap is taxed normally (PIT Act, art. 21(1)(152) and (43)–(44)).
Who qualifies: People who become Polish tax resident by moving to Poland after 2021, were not resident in the previous three calendar years, have not used the relief before, hold a residence certificate for the years abroad, and either hold Polish, EU, EEA or Swiss citizenship or a Karta Polaka, or lived those three years in the EU/EEA, Switzerland, the UK, the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Chile, Israel or Mexico.
Ryczałt od przychodów zagranicznych (PLN 200,000 lump sum on foreign income)10 years
A fixed PLN 200,000 a year (pro rata in the year of arrival) covers all income earned outside Poland, whatever its size; a spouse or child can join for PLN 100,000. Polish-source income is taxed normally. Pay for work you physically do in Poland is probably Polish-source rather than foreign, so this mainly suits large foreign investment income; check with an advance ruling. The right is lost if you miss a payment or the PLN 100,000 spending, or move away.
Who qualifies: People who move their residence to Poland after not being resident for at least five of the six previous tax years. You opt in by the end of January after the year of the move, attaching proof of your former tax residence, and from the following year must spend at least PLN 100,000 a year on listed purposes such as the economy, science, culture or sport (PIT Act, art. 30j–30p).
Ryczałt od przychodów ewidencjonowanych (lump sum on revenue)no fixed end
Tax on gross revenue with no cost deductions or tax-free amount: 12% for software, IT consulting and system-management services; 14% for architecture, engineering and specialist design; 15% for management consulting, advertising and many other business services; 17% for liberal professions; 8.5% for other services. Not counted for the 4% solidarity levy. The health contribution is fixed by revenue: PLN 498.35 a month up to PLN 60,000, PLN 830.58 up to PLN 300,000 and PLN 1,495.04 above (2026).
Who qualifies: Sole proprietors and partnerships whose previous-year revenue did not exceed €2,000,000. Popular with IT contractors who invoice foreign clients.
IP Box (5% on qualified intellectual-property income)no fixed end
5% instead of 12%–32% or 19% on qualified income from that IP, scaled by a nexus ratio that rewards in-house development (PIT Act, art. 30ca).
Who qualifies: Sole proprietors who create, develop or improve qualifying IP, including copyright in computer programs, as part of their own research and development, and keep the separate records the law requires.

Ustawa o podatku dochodowym od osób fizycznych (consolidated text, Dz. U. 2026 poz. 592) · Sejm of the Republic of Poland, ISAP legal acts database · read 2026-10-27
Residence and source rules (art. 3), 12%/32% scale and PLN 3,600 reduction (art. 27), treaty relief (art. 27(8)–(9)), 19% on dividends, interest, share and crypto gains (art. 30a–30b), 19% flat business tax (art. 30c, 9a), IP Box (art. 30ca), property gains (art. 10(1)(8), 30e), 4% solidarity levy above PLN 1,000,000 (art. 30h), PLN 200,000 foreign-income lump sum (art. 30j–30p), relief for people moving to Poland and the under-26 relief (art. 21), self-paid advances (art. 44). Later 2026 amendments (poz. 779, 846, 1079) do not change these rules
Ustawa o zryczałtowanym podatku dochodowym od niektórych przychodów osiąganych przez osoby fizyczne (consolidated text, Dz. U. 2025 poz. 843) · Sejm of the Republic of Poland, ISAP legal acts database · read 2026-10-27
Ryczałt rates on revenue (art. 12: 17%, 15%, 14%, 12%, 8.5%/12.5%), €2,000,000 revenue limit, and private rent taxed at 8.5% up to PLN 100,000 and 12.5% above (art. 6(1a))
Ustawa o podatku od spadków i darowizn (consolidated text, Dz. U. 2026 poz. 478) · Sejm of the Republic of Poland, ISAP legal acts database · read 2026-10-27
Scope for citizens and permanent residents (art. 1–3), close-family exemption with 6-month reporting (art. 4a), tax-free amounts (art. 9) and 3%–20% rates (art. 15)
Ulga na powrót PIT · Ministry of Finance, podatki.gov.pl · read 2026-10-27
Official guide to the relief for people moving to Poland: eligibility, PLN 85,528 shared cap, four years, and coverage of scale, 19% flat, IP Box and ryczałt business income
Nowe wysokości składek na ubezpieczenia społeczne w 2026 r. · Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych (ZUS) · read 2026-10-27
2026 minimum social-contribution base of PLN 5,652 and the reduced base of PLN 1,441.80 (30% of the PLN 4,806 minimum wage), with contribution amounts
Informacja w sprawie podstawy wymiaru składki oraz kwoty składki na ubezpieczenie zdrowotne w 2026 r. · Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych (ZUS) · read 2026-10-27
2026 health contribution for ryczałt payers: PLN 498.35, PLN 830.58 and PLN 1,495.04 a month by revenue tier (PLN 60,000 and PLN 300,000)
Przedsiębiorcy opodatkowani na zasadach ogólnych lub w formie karty podatkowej. Minimalna składka na ubezpieczenie zdrowotne w 2026 r. · Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych (ZUS) · read 2026-10-27
Minimum monthly health contribution of PLN 432.54 from February 2026 (base PLN 4,806)
Jakie składki na ubezpieczenia społeczne płaci przedsiębiorca do ZUS · Ministry of Economic Development, biznes.gov.pl · read 2026-10-27
Six-month ulga na start with only the health contribution, full 2026 social contributions of PLN 1,926.76 a month, and health contribution rates of 9% (scale) and 4.9% (19% flat tax)
Obniżone składki ZUS przez 24 miesiące · Ministry of Economic Development, biznes.gov.pl · read 2026-10-27
24 months of reduced social contributions after the ulga na start, base of PLN 1,441.80 in 2026, and the 60-month and former-employer exclusions
Wysokość stawek w opodatkowaniu nieruchomości w 2026 r. · Ministry of Finance, podatki.gov.pl · read 2026-10-27
2026 maximum property tax on residential buildings of PLN 1.25 per m², set locally by municipalities
PCC: stawki i limity · Ministry of Finance, podatki.gov.pl · read 2026-10-27
2% civil-law transactions tax on buying real estate; sales subject to VAT are outside PCC

Not yet reviewed by a person · compiled from official pages read on 2026-10-27

General information, not tax advice. Tax treaties, your citizenship and your home country's exit rules can change the answer. US citizens are taxed by the US wherever they live.

Airports and nonstop flights

Bydgoszcz is served by one airport.

Airport	Nonstop destinations	International	From US airports
BZGBydgoszcz Airport	9	7	0

Wikipedia airport pages as of 2026-07: seasonal routes included, charters and announced-but-not-started routes excluded.

What is the weather like through the year?

Comfortable months by our rule: Jun–Aug. Rank cities for Jun–Aug →

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Mean °F	26	29	36	47	56	63	68	67	58	47	38	31
Rain in	1.8	1.4	1.5	1.3	2.6	2.4	3.2	2.5	2	2	1.7	1.9
Humidity %	94	91	84	76	74	70	69	69	74	83	92	94

Green temperatures mark months that meet the comfort rule (59–82°F, ≤5.9 in rain, ≤85% humidity). NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology at the city coordinates.

Where can you stay in Bydgoszcz?

Three ways to live here, and what each does to the monthly budget. Rents are the one-bedroom figures from the cost table; hotels and short lets are priced per night and cost more, most of all in high season.

Option	Rent per month	Monthly total	Notes
One-bedroom outside the centre	—	—	No city-level cost here; the total is a national estimate.
One-bedroom in the centre	—	—	No city-level rent figure for this city.
Hotel or short let	—	—	For the first weeks or a stay under a month. Compare hotels on Navoy →

Monthly rents assume an unfurnished lease of six months or more; furnished monthly lets usually cost 20 to 50 percent more.

Cities with a similar profile

Rzeszów Poland · 64
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Szczecin Poland · 63.9
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Olsztyn Poland · 64.7
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Poznań Poland · 64.6
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Zakopane Poland · 65.3
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Also in Europe: A Coruña, Aachen, Aalborg, Aarhus, Aberdeen, Adana

Ready to see Bydgoszcz for yourself?

Nostos tells you where. Navoy, the AI travel planner behind it, builds the trip: itineraries, places to stay and what to book before you land.

Plan a trip to Bydgoszcz →

Opens on navoy.io.

The vibe

What people post about living in Bydgoszcz, read for its mood. It is a reading of opinions, not a fact, and it is not part of the score.

Mixed · 62Commenters mostly like Bydgoszcz as an underrated, calm, pleasant city with river walks and forests, though a few note a cold reception and dated housing estates.

People praise

river walks
forests and lakes nearby
museums and day trips
underrated and charming
friendly community feel

People warn about

stares toward foreigners
dated housing estates
limited coverage and few details
language barrier

Underrated city with more to offer than expected
Pleasant riverside areas and nearby nature make a good short stay
Outsiders can feel stared at and unwelcome
Housing estates look drab compared with the centre
Video content is thin, so evidence about daily life is limited

Read from 8 videos, 28 comments and 0 posts on 2026-11-08; the summary is written by a language model and can misread sarcasm.

Watch what people say

Frequently asked

How much does it cost to live in Bydgoszcz as a digital nomad?: A single person typically spends about $1,300 per month in Bydgoszcz (a country-level estimate for Poland). That is a 61/100 cost score, where 100 is the cheapest city in the dataset.
Is Bydgoszcz safe for digital nomads?: Bydgoszcz scores 83/100 on safety. Poland records 0.68 homicides per 100,000 people per year (WHO, 2024) and a political-stability score of 77.8/100 (World Bank WGI). Both figures are national, so neighbourhood-level risk can differ.
Does Poland have a digital nomad visa?: No dedicated digital nomad visa was listed for Poland as of 2026-07. Visitors from the US can stay 90 days visa-free.
How fast is the internet in Bydgoszcz?: Measured median download speed in Bydgoszcz was 42.6 Mbps (upload 20.1 Mbps) across 4,278 M-Lab tests in 2024. Measured speeds run below advertised plan speeds everywhere, so compare cities rather than reading the number as a plan.
Is Starlink available in Bydgoszcz?: Yes. Starlink's availability map lists residential service as available in Poland (checked 2026-10), so a dish can serve as a backup line in Bydgoszcz. Check the exact address on starlink.com before ordering, since capacity varies by area.
Which airports serve Bydgoszcz and how many nonstop flights are there?: Bydgoszcz is served by Bydgoszcz Airport (BZG) with 9 nonstop destinations, of which 7 are international. 0 US airports have a nonstop link. Source: Wikipedia, 2026-07.
When is the best time of year to be in Bydgoszcz?: The most comfortable months are Jun, Jul, Aug. Mean temperatures range from 26°F (-3°C) in Jan to 68°F (20°C) in Jul (NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology).
Bydgoszcz or Rzeszów: which is better for digital nomads?: Rzeszów is the city with the closest factor profile to Bydgoszcz in this dataset. Which one wins depends on your weights; the comparison page puts every factor side by side with the numbers behind them.

Sources

Dataset 2026.11.2, published 2026-11-09. Download the full dataset or read the methodology.

1.City population (latest census or official estimate), Wikipedia (citing national statistics offices). CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. City-proper figures; the per-city source URL is stored with the seed row.
2.2026 Cost of Living Index (country level), WhereNext. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Country-level monthly estimate used only where no city-level figure exists; cost_index kept for every city.
3.Cost of Living Global 2026 (city rows), WhereToEmigrate. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. monthly_cost_single_eur and rent_1br_center_eur, converted to USD at the ECB reference rate on the retrieval date (see ecb-frankfurter).
4.Victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population (national data, latest year), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, dataUNODC. UNODC data, free to reuse with attribution. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Police- or statistics-office-recorded rates reported to UNODC's crime-trends survey, latest year per country (2024 for most), both sexes, all ages; the United Kingdom uses England and Wales. Replaces the WHO modelled estimate wherever UNODC has a figure from 2018 or later; WHO's 2021 estimates ran several times above recorded figures for El Salvador and Honduras. Workbook data_cts_intentional_homicide.xlsx (July 2026) reduced by scripts/build-dataset/inputs/convert-unodc-homicide.py.
5.Worldwide Governance Indicators — Political Stability and Absence of Violence (score 0–100), World Bank. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22.
6.UHC service coverage index, World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22.
7.Life expectancy at birth (years), both sexes, World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22.
8.M-Lab NDT statistics (city aggregates, 2024), Measurement Lab. CC0 1.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Median of daily median download/upload throughput over 2024 for the city aggregate; sample count is the number of tests. Speeds reflect user-initiated tests, not advertised plans.
9.Starlink availability map, SpaceX (Starlink). Factual status cited from starlink.com. Retrieved 2026-10-07. Residential service status per country from the file Starlink's map loads. Grouped as on the map: launched or available = available; coming soon, pending regulatory approval or test = coming soon; blacklisted = not offered; unknown or excluded = unknown. Shown on city pages and as a ranker filter; not part of any score. Roaming and maritime plans can work in more places.
10.Digital Nomad Visas 2026, WhereToEmigrate. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Programme name, minimum monthly income (EUR, converted to USD) and whether it leads to permanent residence. Values are directional; verify with the issuing government.
11.Passport Index dataset (visa requirements, 199 passports × 199 destinations), Ilya Ilyankou (compiled from passportindex.org). MIT. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Days per visit where stated; 'visa free' without a limit is credited as unlimited; eTA, visa on arrival, e-visa and visa required are credited 0 days for scoring but shown by kind. The default US/EU/UK figures use the US, German and British passports.
12.Airport destinations (Wikipedia airline and destination tables), Wikipedia contributors; countries via Wikidata. CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-24. Distinct destination airports listed in each airport article's passenger table, resolved through Wikidata. Seasonal routes count; charters and routes announced but not yet flying are excluded. The as-of date is the newest article revision among the city's airports. Falls back to the OpenFlights snapshot when an airport has no article or table.
13.Walkability and transit ratings (editorial), Navoy. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Judgment ratings, not measurements. Explained on /methodology.
14.NASA POWER climatology (2001–2020 monthly means), NASA Langley Research Center. Public domain (US Government). Retrieved 2026-09-22. T2M, PRECTOTCORR and RH2M at the city coordinates (0.5° grid). Monthly precipitation = mm/day × days in month.
15.WHO Ambient Air Quality Database, June 2026 update (V8), World Health Organization. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22. Annual mean PM2.5 for the most recent year available for the city.
16.OpenStreetMap restaurants (Overpass API), OpenStreetMap contributors. ODbL 1.0. Retrieved 2026-10-02. Count of OpenStreetMap elements tagged amenity=restaurant within 3 km of the city centre coordinate. Measures how many restaurants are mapped, which tracks real density well where OpenStreetMap is well maintained (Europe, the Americas, East and Southeast Asia) and under-counts where it is not (parts of Africa and Central Asia).
17.Human Development Index (HDR 2025, HDI 2023), United Nations Development Programme. CC BY 3.0 IGO. Retrieved 2026-09-22.
18.EF English Proficiency Index 2024 (band), EF Education First. Proprietary; band cited as a fact with attribution. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Only the proficiency band is stored, transcribed by hand from the public ranking.

🇺🇸For US nomads