How much does it cost to live in Bologna as a digital nomad?

A single person typically spends about $2,478 per month in Bologna. That is a 30/100 cost score, where 100 is the cheapest city in the dataset.

Is Bologna safe for digital nomads?

Bologna scores 81/100 on safety. Italy records 0.57 homicides per 100,000 people per year (WHO, 2024) and a political-stability score of 73.6/100 (World Bank WGI). Both figures are national, so neighbourhood-level risk can differ.

Does Italy have a digital nomad visa?

Yes. Italy offers the Digital nomad and remote worker visa with a minimum income of about $2,385 per month, and it can lead to permanent residence. Verify current rules with the issuing authority before applying. Full guide: https://nostos.navoy.io/visas/italy

How fast is the internet in Bologna?

Measured median download speed in Bologna was 39.9 Mbps (upload 15.2 Mbps) across 70,625 M-Lab tests in 2024. Measured speeds run below advertised plan speeds everywhere, so compare cities rather than reading the number as a plan.

Is Starlink available in Bologna?

Yes. Starlink's availability map lists residential service as available in Italy (checked 2026-10), so a dish can serve as a backup line in Bologna. Check the exact address on starlink.com before ordering, since capacity varies by area.

Which airports serve Bologna and how many nonstop flights are there?

Bologna is served by Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport (BLQ) with 98 nonstop destinations, of which 85 are international. 0 US airports have a nonstop link. Source: Wikipedia, 2026-11.

When is the best time of year to be in Bologna?

The most comfortable months are May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep. Mean temperatures range from 38°F (4°C) in Jan to 79°F (26°C) in Jul (NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology).

Bologna or Udine: which is better for digital nomads?

Udine is the city with the closest factor profile to Bologna in this dataset. Which one wins depends on your weights; the comparison page puts every factor side by side with the numbers behind them.

Photo: Ввласенко · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Bologna

Italy · Europe · 390,850 people · Europe/Rome · EUR

Bologna scores 66.1/100 for digital nomads under balanced weights, ranking 300 of 1501 cities. Expect about $2,478 per month, a nomad visa (Digital nomad and remote worker visa), and a measured median download speed of 39.9 Mbps.

Bologna is Italy's food capital and a student city with a walkable, arcaded centre and fast trains to Milan, Florence and Venice. Summers are humid.

Food (tortellini, ragù)
Oldest university
Porticoes
High-speed rail hub

Balanced score

out of 100

Vibe check

Cost3.3
Safety8.9
Health9.8
Internet7.8
Visa9.0
Mobility4.9
Climate4.6
Air8.8
QoL8.9

Rank 300 of 1,501

Rank with your own weights →Plan a trip to Bologna →

Monthly cost$2,478one person
Nomad visaYesmin $2,385/mo
Internet39.9 Mbpsmeasured median
Comfortable months5 of 1259–82°F (15–28 °C), dry, not humid

For US nomads

US passport entry
90 days visa-free
no visa needed for a visit
Time vs New York
6 hours ahead of New York
3h of a 9–6 day overlap with Eastern time
Time vs Los Angeles
9 hours ahead of Los Angeles
0h of a 9–6 day overlap with Pacific time
Non-stop from the US
0 US airports
Wikipedia, 2026-11

Prices are in US dollars. US citizens are taxed on worldwide income; the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion and state residency rules are worth a look before a long stay.

Eating out

OpenStreetMap, 2026-11¹⁷

525restaurants within 3 km

Mapped around the centre of Bologna: plenty of choice within walking distance. A count of what is on the map, not a rating, and it does not affect the score.

How Bologna scores, factor by factor

Superscripts link to the source list at the bottom. Country-level figures apply to all of Italy.

Cost of living

Monthly cost for one person (log-scaled, cheaper is better).

Monthly cost, one person: $2,478² · city-level, 2026-09
Central one-bedroom rent: no data³ · city-level, 2026-09 — no city-level rent row in the WhereToEmigrate dataset

Safety

Homicide rate and political stability (country-level).

Homicide rate: 0.57 per 100k⁵ · country-level, 2024
Political stability: 73.6/100⁶ · country-level, 2025

Healthcare

WHO universal-health-coverage index and life expectancy (country-level).

UHC service coverage: 82/100⁷ · country-level, 2023
Life expectancy: 82.9 years⁸ · country-level, 2023

Internet

Median measured download and upload speed (M-Lab, city-level; the province or country aggregate where the city has too few tests).

Median download: 39.9 Mbps⁹ · city-level, 2024
Median upload: 15.2 Mbps⁹ · city-level, 2024
Tests measured: 70,625⁹ · city-level, 2024
Starlink: Available¹⁰ · country-level, 2026-10, not scored

Visa ease

How easily your passport gets in and stays: visa-free days, eTA, visa on arrival, e-visa or consular visa, plus a nomad visa and how affordable its income threshold is. Averages US, EU and UK passports until you pick yours.

Nomad visa: Digital nomad and remote worker visa¹¹ · min income $2,385/mo
Entry, US passport: 90 days¹² · country-level, 2026-02
Entry, EU passport: unlimited¹² · country-level, 2026-02
Entry, UK passport: 90 days¹² · country-level, 2026-02

Getting there & around

Non-stop airport destinations (hub size) plus editorial walkability and transit ratings.

Non-stop destinations from BLQ: 98¹³ · city-level, 2026-11
Walkability: 5/5¹⁴ · editorial, 2026-09
Public transit: 3/5¹⁴ · editorial, 2026-09

Climate

Share of months that are comfortable: 59–82°F (15–28 °C) mean, at most 5.9 in (150 mm) rain, at most 85% humidity.

Comfortable months: 5 of 12¹⁵ · city-level, 2001–2020 normals

Air quality

Annual mean PM2.5 on a fixed scale: 5 µg/m³ (WHO guideline) scores 100, 50 µg/m³ or worse scores 0.

Annual mean PM2.5: 14.3 µg/m³¹⁶ · city-level, 2024

Quality of life

Human Development Index and English proficiency (country-level).

Human Development Index: 0.915¹⁸ · country-level, 2023
English proficiency: moderate¹⁹ · country-level, 2024

What does Bologna cost per month?

Total, one person	$2,478	city, outskirts one-bedroom
One-bedroom rent, centre	no data	city-level rent unavailable
Country cost index (US = 100)	63	country

Can you stay legally?

Digital nomad visa · Italy

Digital nomad and remote worker visa

Not yet reviewedSubmit a review →

Income: $2,385/month
Initial stay: 1 year, renewable
Apply: At a consulate

Read the Italy digital nomad visa guide →

Nomad visa	Digital nomad and remote worker visa
Minimum income	$2,385/month
US passport	90 days
EU passport	unlimited
UK passport	90 days

Visa rules change often. Verify with the issuing government before you book.

Do you pay tax here on income from abroad?

Tax status · Italy

Worldwide income taxed at 23%–43% plus surcharges; newcomers can use a €300k flat tax or 50% impatriate relief

Worldwide income

Spend most of the year in Italy and you are taxed on worldwide income: foreign salary or freelance fees at 23%–43% plus regional and municipal surcharges, and dividends, interest and gains at a flat 26%. Newcomers can cut this with a 50% exemption on work income for five years, a €300,000-a-year flat tax on all foreign income, or 7% on foreign income for pensioners in small southern towns.

Remote work income
Salary from a foreign employer or fees from foreign clients
Taxed
23%–43% progressive IRPEF, plus 1.23%–3.33% regional and up to 0.8% municipal surcharge
Investments and pensions
Dividends, interest, gains, rent and pensions from abroad
Taxed
26% flat on dividends, interest and capital gains (12.5% on Italian and white-list government bonds); 23%–43% progressive on foreign pensions and rent
Wealth
Net wealth and inheritance
Levies on assets
0.2% a year on foreign financial assets (IVAFE) and 1.06% on foreign property (IVIE). Inheritance tax applies

Tax resident after: 183 days a year
Top income tax rate: 47.23%

On the nomad visa

Italy's digital nomad and remote worker visa (decree of 29 February 2024) creates no special tax status: holders become tax resident under the ordinary 183-day rules and are taxed on worldwide income at progressive IRPEF rates plus surcharges. The codice fiscale is issued with the residence permit, and self-employed digital nomads must open a partita IVA; Italian social security applies unless a bilateral agreement with your home country covers you. A visa holder who meets the conditions can claim the impatriate 50% exemption.

Flat tax for new residents (art. 24-bis TUIR)15 years
All foreign-source income is covered by a fixed substitute tax of €300,000 a year whatever the amount, for those moving from 1 January 2026 (€200,000 for moves from 11 August 2024 to 31 December 2025, €100,000 before), plus €50,000 a year for each family member included. Holders are exempt from IVIE, IVAFE and foreign-asset reporting and pay inheritance and gift tax only on Italian assets. Italian-source income, including pay for work done in Italy, is taxed normally; gains on qualified shareholdings sold in the first five years stay under ordinary rules; individual countries can be excluded. People moving from 2027 cannot combine it with the impatriate regime.
Who qualifies: People who were not Italian tax resident for at least nine of the ten years before the option starts, of any nationality, electing in the tax return for the year they move.
Impatriate workers regime (art. 5 D.Lgs. 209/2023)5 years
Only 50% of employment and self-employment income earned in Italy is taxed, up to €600,000 of income a year; 40% (a 60% exemption) if you move with a minor child or a child is born or adopted during the period. Benefits are clawed back with interest if you leave within four years.
Who qualifies: Highly qualified or specialised employees and self-employed people who were not Italian tax resident in the three previous years (six or seven if they return to work for the same employer or group), commit to stay resident at least four years and work mainly in Italy; an Italian employer is not required.
7% flat tax for foreign pensioners (art. 24-ter TUIR)10 years
All foreign-source income of any kind (pension, dividends, interest, gains, rent) is taxed at a flat 7% instead of IRPEF, with exemption from IVIE, IVAFE and foreign-asset reporting for the countries covered. Italian-source income is taxed normally.
Who qualifies: People receiving a pension from a foreign payer, not Italian tax resident in the previous five years, moving from a country with a tax information-exchange agreement to a municipality of up to 30,000 inhabitants (20,000 before 7 April 2026) in Sicily, Calabria, Sardinia, Campania, Basilicata, Abruzzo, Molise or Puglia, or in listed 2009 and 2016 earthquake areas.
Flat-rate regime for small self-employed (regime forfetario)no fixed end
A single 15% substitute tax, replacing IRPEF and the regional and municipal surcharges, on revenue multiplied by a fixed profitability coefficient for the activity, minus social contributions; 5% for the first five years of a genuinely new activity. You leave the regime the next year above €85,000, or immediately above €100,000.
Who qualifies: Self-employed individuals with revenue up to €85,000 in the previous year (or expected, for a new activity), employment income no higher than €35,000 in 2025–2026, and who do not mainly bill a current or recent former employer.

Neo residenti – Regime opzionale – Che cos'è · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
24-bis flat tax: notice that the 2026 Budget Law raised it to €300,000 (€50,000 per family member) for moves from 1 January 2026; €200,000 after 10 August 2024, €100,000 before; nine of ten years non-resident, 15-year limit, country exclusion. The page body still says €25,000 per family member, which predates the notice.
Agevolazioni per chi trasferisce la residenza in Italia · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
Updated 27 March 2026: €300,000 flat tax (€200,000 for transfers up to 31 December 2025); impatriate 50% exemption, €600,000 cap, five years and conditions.
Neo residenti – Normativa e prassi · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
Legal basis of the increases: Law 199/2025 art. 1 paragraphs 25–26 (2026 Budget Law) and art. 2 of Decree-Law 113/2024.
Testo unico delle imposte sui redditi, articolo 24-bis (original text) · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
Nine-of-ten-years condition, exclusion of gains on qualified holdings in the first five years, 15-year limit, foreign-source income only, country exclusions, extension to family members. Amounts in this 2017 text are outdated.
Circolare n. 17/E del 23 maggio 2017 – Regimi agevolativi per persone fisiche che trasferiscono la residenza fiscale in Italia · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
24-bis holders: exemption from foreign-asset reporting, IVIE and IVAFE, and inheritance and gift tax limited to assets in Italy. The PDF's text could be extracted only in part; the inheritance passage was read directly.
Decreto-legge 27 marzo 2026, n. 38 (testo vigente) · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
Art. 2: the 24-bis flat tax can no longer be combined with the art. 5 impatriate regime for people moving tax residence to Italy from the 2027 tax year; converted by Law 88/2026.
Lavoratori impatriati – nuovo regime (dal periodo d'imposta 2024) – Che cos'è · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
Art. 5 D.Lgs. 209/2023: 50% taxable (40% with a minor child), €600,000 cap, five years, three years non-resident (six or seven with the same employer or group), four-year commitment, high qualification, work mainly in Italy, compatibility with other regimes.
Regime opzionale per i pensionati esteri – Che cos'è · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
Updated 8 May 2026: 7% on all foreign-source income, municipalities up to 30,000 inhabitants since 7 April 2026 (20,000 before), the eight regions and the earthquake-area municipalities.
Circolare n. 21/E del 17 luglio 2020 – Pensionati esteri nel Mezzogiorno (art. 24-ter TUIR) · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
24-ter: foreign-payer pension, five prior years non-resident, move from a country with an administrative-cooperation agreement, ten years (year of move plus nine), exemption from reporting, IVIE and IVAFE for covered countries.
Aliquote e calcolo dell'Irpef · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
Updated 13 January 2026: 23% to €28,000, 33% to €50,000 (from 35%), 43% above; claw-back for incomes above €200,000 (Law 199/2025 art. 1 paragraphs 3–4). The table on the page still shows 35%, the note gives the 2026 rate.
Personal income tax rates and calculation · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
English page, updated 16 January 2026: 2026 brackets; residents are taxed on income from all sources, non-residents only on Italian income.
Principali misure della legge di bilancio 2026 · Ministero dell'Economia e delle Finanze · read 2026-10-27
Second bracket cut from 35% to 33%, neutralised only above €200,000; flat-regime employment-income threshold raised to €35,000.
Addizionale regionale all'IRPEF – Disciplina del tributo · Dipartimento delle Finanze, Ministero dell'Economia e delle Finanze · read 2026-10-27
Regional surcharge base rate 1.23%, ordinary regions may add up to 2.1 points (so up to 3.33%), special rules for autonomous regions and health-deficit regions.
Addizionale comunale all'IRPEF – Disciplina del tributo · Dipartimento delle Finanze, Ministero dell'Economia e delle Finanze · read 2026-10-27
Municipal surcharge up to 0.8% (Rome up to 0.9%), with optional exemption thresholds and progressive rates.
Residence for tax purposes · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
Four alternative tests for most of the year (183/184 days): habitual residence, domicile, physical presence counting fractions of days, registry registration as a rebuttable presumption.
Circular No. 20/E of 4 November 2024 – Tax residence (English version) · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
New residence rules apply from the 2024 tax year; days need not be consecutive; year splitting only under the treaties with Germany, Switzerland and Panama.
Ivafe – Base imponibile e aliquote · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
IVAFE 0.2% on foreign financial products (0.4% in tax havens from 2024), €34.20 per foreign account, not due if average balance is €5,000 or less, credit for foreign wealth tax.
Ivie – Base imponibile e aliquota · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
IVIE 1.06% from 2024 (0.76% before), not due at €200 or less, main-home exemption, credit for wealth tax paid where the property is.
Circolare n. 19/E del 27 giugno 2014 – Aliquota di tassazione dei redditi di natura finanziaria · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
26% rate on financial income (dividends, interest, capital gains) from 1 July 2014, with 12.5% kept for Italian and white-list government bonds.
Imposta di successione – Aliquote e franchigie · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
Inheritance tax 4% above €1 million per spouse or direct relative, 6% above €100,000 for siblings, 6% other relatives, 8% others.
Regime forfetario – Che cos'è · Agenzia delle Entrate · read 2026-10-27
Updated 21 July 2026: €85,000 threshold (€100,000 immediate exit), 15% or 5% for new activities, replaces IRPEF and surcharges, €35,000 employment-income limit for 2025–2026, former-employer exclusion, mandatory social contributions deducted.
Visa for digital nomads and remote workers · Embassy of Italy in Pristina, Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale (esteri.it) · read 2026-10-27
Legal basis of the nomad visa (interministerial decree of 29 February 2024); the page says nothing about tax, so the visa carries no tax status of its own.
Nomadi digitali e lavoratori da remoto, ecco le regole · Portale Integrazione Migranti, Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali · read 2026-10-27
Codice fiscale issued with the permit, digital nomads must open a partita IVA, Italian social security applies absent a bilateral agreement.
Misura dell'aliquota dell'addizionale regionale all'IRPEF – anno d'imposta 2026 · Regione Lazio · read 2026-10-28
Lazio 2026: 1.73% up to €15,000 and 3.33% on each band above, including above €50,000; taxable income up to €28,000 pays 1.73% flat (Regional Law 20 of 31 December 2025).
Addizionale IRPEF · Roma Capitale · read 2026-10-28
Rome's municipal surcharge has been 0.9% since 2011; from 1 January 2025 it is not due on total income of €14,000 or less, and above that it applies in full.

Not yet reviewed by a person · compiled from official pages read on 2026-10-28

General information, not tax advice. Tax treaties, your citizenship and your home country's exit rules can change the answer. US citizens are taxed by the US wherever they live.

Airports and nonstop flights

Bologna is served by one airport.

Airport	Nonstop destinations	International	From US airports
BLQBologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport	98	85	0

Wikipedia airport pages as of 2026-11: seasonal routes included, charters and announced-but-not-started routes excluded.

What is the weather like through the year?

Comfortable months by our rule: May–Sep. Rank cities for Jun–Aug →

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Mean °F	38	40	47	55	64	73	79	78	68	58	48	40
Rain in	1.6	2.3	2.1	2	2.4	2	1.5	1.5	2.3	2.9	3.2	1.9
Humidity %	87	83	77	72	66	58	51	53	64	76	86	87

Green temperatures mark months that meet the comfort rule (59–82°F, ≤5.9 in rain, ≤85% humidity). NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology at the city coordinates.

Where can you stay in Bologna?

Three ways to live here, and what each does to the monthly budget. Rents are the one-bedroom figures from the cost table; hotels and short lets are priced per night and cost more, most of all in high season.

Option	Rent per month	Monthly total	Notes
One-bedroom outside the centre	—	$2,478	The basis of the monthly cost and the cost score.
One-bedroom in the centre	—	—	No city-level rent figure for this city.
Hotel or short let	—	—	For the first weeks or a stay under a month. Compare hotels on Navoy →

Monthly rents assume an unfurnished lease of six months or more; furnished monthly lets usually cost 20 to 50 percent more.

Cities with a similar profile

Udine Italy · 66.7
Compare with Bologna →
Reggio Emilia Italy · 65.8
Compare with Bologna →
Piacenza Italy · 65.6
Compare with Bologna →
Bergamo Italy · 65.5
Compare with Bologna →
Naples Italy · 67.2
Compare with Bologna →

Also in Europe: A Coruña, Aachen, Aalborg, Aarhus, Aberdeen, Adana

Ready to see Bologna for yourself?

Nostos tells you where. Navoy, the AI travel planner behind it, builds the trip: itineraries, places to stay and what to book before you land.

Plan a trip to Bologna →

Opens on navoy.io.

The vibe

What people post about living in Bologna, read for its mood. It is a reading of opinions, not a fact, and it is not part of the score.

Liked · 72Commenters who know Bologna, including locals, mostly feel it is a livable, under-touristed city with great food, with caveats on rent, healthcare and some slow-evening habits.

People praise

food
fewer crowds
porticoes and historic walkability
local feel
friendly people
value versus US costs

People warn about

rent costs in centre
short-term rental taxes pushing prices up
evening meal times and slow pace
healthcare experience

Bologna offers a more authentic, less crowded alternative to Rome and Florence
Cost of living is reasonable compared with American cities
Food is the city's strongest draw and locals appreciate it
Central rents are high and long-term contracts vary widely
Day trips to Modena, Parma and Ferrara make it a good base

Read from 7 videos, 38 comments and 0 posts on 2026-11-07; the summary is written by a language model and can misread sarcasm.

Watch what people say

Frequently asked

How much does it cost to live in Bologna as a digital nomad?: A single person typically spends about $2,478 per month in Bologna. That is a 30/100 cost score, where 100 is the cheapest city in the dataset.
Is Bologna safe for digital nomads?: Bologna scores 81/100 on safety. Italy records 0.57 homicides per 100,000 people per year (WHO, 2024) and a political-stability score of 73.6/100 (World Bank WGI). Both figures are national, so neighbourhood-level risk can differ.
Does Italy have a digital nomad visa?: Yes. Italy offers the Digital nomad and remote worker visa with a minimum income of about $2,385 per month, and it can lead to permanent residence. Verify current rules with the issuing authority before applying. Full guide: https://nostos.navoy.io/visas/italy
How fast is the internet in Bologna?: Measured median download speed in Bologna was 39.9 Mbps (upload 15.2 Mbps) across 70,625 M-Lab tests in 2024. Measured speeds run below advertised plan speeds everywhere, so compare cities rather than reading the number as a plan.
Is Starlink available in Bologna?: Yes. Starlink's availability map lists residential service as available in Italy (checked 2026-10), so a dish can serve as a backup line in Bologna. Check the exact address on starlink.com before ordering, since capacity varies by area.
Which airports serve Bologna and how many nonstop flights are there?: Bologna is served by Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport (BLQ) with 98 nonstop destinations, of which 85 are international. 0 US airports have a nonstop link. Source: Wikipedia, 2026-11.
When is the best time of year to be in Bologna?: The most comfortable months are May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep. Mean temperatures range from 38°F (4°C) in Jan to 79°F (26°C) in Jul (NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology).
Bologna or Udine: which is better for digital nomads?: Udine is the city with the closest factor profile to Bologna in this dataset. Which one wins depends on your weights; the comparison page puts every factor side by side with the numbers behind them.

Sources

Dataset 2026.11.3, published 2026-11-10. Download the full dataset or read the methodology.

1.City population (latest census or official estimate), Wikipedia (citing national statistics offices). CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. City-proper figures; the per-city source URL is stored with the seed row.
2.WhereNext city cost estimates 2026 (city pages), WhereNext. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. The '~$X/mo' single-person estimate published on each city page (the API only exposes countries). Scaled to the WhereToEmigrate basket by the median ratio observed on cities both sources cover, so figures are comparable across the dataset; the scaling factor is recorded in the value's note on /methodology. Where the headline estimate is below the city's own outskirts one-bedroom rent divided by 0.55 (rent at most 55% of a single person's spending), the total is raised to that floor; the page's figure is implausibly low there.
3.Cost of Living Global 2026 (city rows), WhereToEmigrate. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. monthly_cost_single_eur and rent_1br_center_eur, converted to USD at the ECB reference rate on the retrieval date (see ecb-frankfurter).
4.2026 Cost of Living Index (country level), WhereNext. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Country-level monthly estimate used only where no city-level figure exists; cost_index kept for every city.
5.Victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population (national data, latest year), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, dataUNODC. UNODC data, free to reuse with attribution. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Police- or statistics-office-recorded rates reported to UNODC's crime-trends survey, latest year per country (2024 for most), both sexes, all ages; the United Kingdom uses England and Wales. Replaces the WHO modelled estimate wherever UNODC has a figure from 2018 or later; WHO's 2021 estimates ran several times above recorded figures for El Salvador and Honduras. Workbook data_cts_intentional_homicide.xlsx (July 2026) reduced by scripts/build-dataset/inputs/convert-unodc-homicide.py.
6.Worldwide Governance Indicators — Political Stability and Absence of Violence (score 0–100), World Bank. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22.
7.UHC service coverage index, World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22.
8.Life expectancy at birth (years), both sexes, World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22.
9.M-Lab NDT statistics (city aggregates, 2024), Measurement Lab. CC0 1.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Median of daily median download/upload throughput over 2024 for the city aggregate; sample count is the number of tests. Speeds reflect user-initiated tests, not advertised plans.
10.Starlink availability map, SpaceX (Starlink). Factual status cited from starlink.com. Retrieved 2026-10-07. Residential service status per country from the file Starlink's map loads. Grouped as on the map: launched or available = available; coming soon, pending regulatory approval or test = coming soon; blacklisted = not offered; unknown or excluded = unknown. Shown on city pages and as a ranker filter; not part of any score. Roaming and maritime plans can work in more places.
11.Nostos long-stay visa guides, Navoy. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-10-04. One record per country in data/manual/visas/<iso2>.json, compiled into data/visa-guides.json. Each guide lists the official government pages it was compiled from with retrieval dates. A guide's `verification` field is set only when a named person has re-read every source; until then pages say the guide is not yet reviewed by a person.
12.Passport Index dataset (visa requirements, 199 passports × 199 destinations), Ilya Ilyankou (compiled from passportindex.org). MIT. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Days per visit where stated; 'visa free' without a limit is credited as unlimited; eTA, visa on arrival, e-visa and visa required are credited 0 days for scoring but shown by kind. The default US/EU/UK figures use the US, German and British passports.
13.Airport destinations (Wikipedia airline and destination tables), Wikipedia contributors; countries via Wikidata. CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-24. Distinct destination airports listed in each airport article's passenger table, resolved through Wikidata. Seasonal routes count; charters and routes announced but not yet flying are excluded. The as-of date is the newest article revision among the city's airports. Falls back to the OpenFlights snapshot when an airport has no article or table.
14.Walkability and transit ratings (editorial), Navoy. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Judgment ratings, not measurements. Explained on /methodology.
15.NASA POWER climatology (2001–2020 monthly means), NASA Langley Research Center. Public domain (US Government). Retrieved 2026-09-22. T2M, PRECTOTCORR and RH2M at the city coordinates (0.5° grid). Monthly precipitation = mm/day × days in month.
16.WHO Ambient Air Quality Database, June 2026 update (V8), World Health Organization. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22. Annual mean PM2.5 for the most recent year available for the city.
17.OpenStreetMap restaurants (Overpass API), OpenStreetMap contributors. ODbL 1.0. Retrieved 2026-10-02. Count of OpenStreetMap elements tagged amenity=restaurant within 3 km of the city centre coordinate. Measures how many restaurants are mapped, which tracks real density well where OpenStreetMap is well maintained (Europe, the Americas, East and Southeast Asia) and under-counts where it is not (parts of Africa and Central Asia).
18.Human Development Index (HDR 2025, HDI 2023), United Nations Development Programme. CC BY 3.0 IGO. Retrieved 2026-09-22.
19.EF English Proficiency Index 2024 (band), EF Education First. Proprietary; band cited as a fact with attribution. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Only the proficiency band is stored, transcribed by hand from the public ranking.

🇺🇸For US nomads