How much does it cost to live in Alor Setar as a digital nomad?

A single person typically spends about $1,050 per month in Alor Setar (a country-level estimate for Malaysia). That is a 72/100 cost score, where 100 is the cheapest city in the dataset.

Is Alor Setar safe for digital nomads?

Alor Setar scores 78/100 on safety. Malaysia records 0.69 homicides per 100,000 people per year (WHO, 2024) and a political-stability score of 71.6/100 (World Bank WGI). Both figures are national, so neighbourhood-level risk can differ.

Does Malaysia have a digital nomad visa?

Yes. Malaysia offers the DE Rantau Nomad Pass with a minimum income of about $2,000 per month. Verify current rules with the issuing authority before applying. Full guide: https://nostos.navoy.io/visas/malaysia

How fast is the internet in Alor Setar?

Measured median download speed in Alor Setar was 57.7 Mbps (upload 33.7 Mbps) across 1,085 M-Lab tests in 2024. Measured speeds run below advertised plan speeds everywhere, so compare cities rather than reading the number as a plan.

Is Starlink available in Alor Setar?

Yes. Starlink's availability map lists residential service as available in Malaysia (checked 2026-10), so a dish can serve as a backup line in Alor Setar. Check the exact address on starlink.com before ordering, since capacity varies by area.

Which airports serve Alor Setar and how many nonstop flights are there?

Alor Setar is served by Sultan Abdul Halim Airport (AOR) with 3 nonstop destinations, of which 0 are international. 0 US airports have a nonstop link. Source: Wikipedia, 2026-08.

When is the best time of year to be in Alor Setar?

The most comfortable months are Jan, Feb, Mar. Mean temperatures range from 78°F (25°C) in Jan to 82°F (28°C) in Apr (NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology).

Alor Setar or Langkawi: which is better for digital nomads?

Langkawi is the city with the closest factor profile to Alor Setar in this dataset. Which one wins depends on your weights; the comparison page puts every factor side by side with the numbers behind them.

Photo: Chongkian · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Alor Setar

Malaysia · Asia · 417,800 people · Asia/Kuala_Lumpur · MYR

Alor Setar scores 61.8/100 for digital nomads under balanced weights, ranking 670 of 1501 cities. Expect about $1,050 per month (country-level estimate), a nomad visa (DE Rantau Nomad Pass), and a measured median download speed of 57.7 Mbps.

Alor Setar is the capital of Kedah, Malaysia's rice bowl, with a compact old centre around the Zahir Mosque and the Alor Setar Tower, Kedah laksa and paddy fields all around town. It is cheap and calm, with ferries to Langkawi from nearby Kuala Kedah and trains to Penang and the Thai border, but it is hot, conservative and very quiet for a long stay.

Paddy-field landscapes
Zahir Mosque
Ferries to Langkawi
Low costs

Balanced score

out of 100

Vibe check

Cost8.0
Safety8.7
Health8.3
Internet8.8
Visa8.4
Mobility0.6
Climate2.8
Air8.1
QoL8.2

Rank 670 of 1,501 · its cost is a national estimate, so Top 10 lists rank it after cities with a local price

Rank with your own weights →Plan a trip to Alor Setar →

Monthly cost$1,050country estimate
Nomad visaYesmin $2,000/mo
Internet57.7 Mbpsmeasured median
Comfortable months3 of 1259–82°F (15–28 °C), dry, not humid

For US nomads

US passport entry
visa-free, about 90 days
no visa needed for a visit
Time vs New York
13 hours ahead of New York
0h of a 9–6 day overlap with Eastern time
Time vs Los Angeles
16 hours ahead of Los Angeles
0h of a 9–6 day overlap with Pacific time
Non-stop from the US
0 US airports
Wikipedia, 2026-08

Prices are in US dollars. US citizens are taxed on worldwide income; the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion and state residency rules are worth a look before a long stay.

Eating out

OpenStreetMap, 2026-11¹⁶

174restaurants within 3 km

Mapped around the centre of Alor Setar: a modest scene, worth checking the neighbourhoods. A count of what is on the map, not a rating, and it does not affect the score.

How Alor Setar scores, factor by factor

Superscripts link to the source list at the bottom. Country-level figures apply to all of Malaysia.

Cost of living

Monthly cost for one person (log-scaled, cheaper is better).

Monthly cost, one person: $1,050² · country-level, 2026-09
Central one-bedroom rent: no data³ · city-level, 2026-09 — no city-level rent row in the WhereToEmigrate dataset

Safety

Homicide rate and political stability (country-level).

Homicide rate: 0.69 per 100k⁴ · country-level, 2024
Political stability: 71.6/100⁵ · country-level, 2025

Healthcare

WHO universal-health-coverage index and life expectancy (country-level).

UHC service coverage: 80/100⁶ · country-level, 2023
Life expectancy: 74.6 years⁷ · country-level, 2023

Internet

Median measured download and upload speed (M-Lab, city-level; the province or country aggregate where the city has too few tests).

Median download: 57.7 Mbps⁸ · city-level, 2024
Median upload: 33.7 Mbps⁸ · city-level, 2024
Tests measured: 1,085⁸ · city-level, 2024
Starlink: Available⁹ · country-level, 2026-10, not scored

Visa ease

How easily your passport gets in and stays: visa-free days, eTA, visa on arrival, e-visa or consular visa, plus a nomad visa and how affordable its income threshold is. Averages US, EU and UK passports until you pick yours.

Nomad visa: DE Rantau Nomad Pass¹⁰ · min income $2,000/mo
Entry, US passport: 90 days¹¹ · country-level, 2026-02
Entry, EU passport: 90 days¹¹ · country-level, 2026-02
Entry, UK passport: 90 days¹¹ · country-level, 2026-02

Getting there & around

Non-stop airport destinations (hub size) plus editorial walkability and transit ratings.

Non-stop destinations from AOR: 3¹² · city-level, 2026-08
Walkability: 2/5¹³ · editorial, 2026-09
Public transit: 1/5¹³ · editorial, 2026-09

Climate

Share of months that are comfortable: 59–82°F (15–28 °C) mean, at most 5.9 in (150 mm) rain, at most 85% humidity.

Comfortable months: 3 of 12¹⁴ · city-level, 2001–2020 normals

Air quality

Annual mean PM2.5 on a fixed scale: 5 µg/m³ (WHO guideline) scores 100, 50 µg/m³ or worse scores 0.

Annual mean PM2.5: 17.3 µg/m³¹⁵ · city-level, 2019

Quality of life

Human Development Index and English proficiency (country-level).

Human Development Index: 0.819¹⁷ · country-level, 2023
English proficiency: high¹⁸ · country-level, 2024

What does Alor Setar cost per month?

Total, one person	$1,050	country estimate
One-bedroom rent, centre	no data	city-level rent unavailable
Country cost index (US = 100)	29	country

Can you stay legally?

Digital nomad visa · Malaysia

DE Rantau Nomad Pass

Not yet reviewedSubmit a review →

Income: $2,000/month
Initial stay: 1 year, renewable up to 2 years
Apply: Consulate, then in the country

Read the Malaysia digital nomad pass guide →

Nomad visa	DE Rantau Nomad Pass
Minimum income	$2,000/month
US passport	90 days
EU passport	90 days
UK passport	90 days

Visa rules change often. Verify with the issuing government before you book.

Do you pay tax here on income from abroad?

Tax status · Malaysia

Foreign investment income is tax-free to 2036, but remote work done from Malaysia is taxed at up to 30%

Territorial

Malaysia taxes Malaysian-source income. Foreign income that resident individuals bring in is exempt until 31 December 2036, so foreign dividends, interest, gains, rent and pensions are not taxed. The catch: salary or fees for work you do while physically in Malaysia are Malaysian income even if the employer or client is abroad, taxed at 0–30% if resident or a flat 30% if not. There is no wealth, inheritance or gift tax.

Remote work income
Salary from a foreign employer or fees from foreign clients
Taxed
0%–30% progressive if resident; 30% flat if non-resident
Investments and pensions
Dividends, interest, gains, rent and pensions from abroad
Not taxed
Wealth
Net wealth and inheritance
No wealth tax
No inheritance tax

Tax resident after: 182 days a year
Top income tax rate: 30%

On the nomad visa

The DE Rantau Nomad Pass carries no tax concession. MDEC's FAQ, citing LHDN, says a foreign remote employee is exempt only while days in Malaysia stay at 60 or fewer in a year and is taxable from day 61 at resident or non-resident rates under section 13(2), and that freelancers are taxed under section 4(a) subject to the residence rules. You must register with LHDN to get an income tax number before the pass is endorsed. Foreign investment income stays exempt. The long-stay MM2H pass (fixed deposit from US$150,000, or US$32,000 in the special zones) has no special tax regime either: the government says foreign funds and income and the fixed-deposit interest are not taxed, which matches the general rules, but working from Malaysia is taxed as above.

Salary from a foreign employer or fees from foreign clients

Taxed0%–30% progressive if resident; 30% flat if non-resident

Section 13(2)(a) deems employment income derived from Malaysia for any period the employment is exercised in Malaysia, meaning where you are physically present when doing the work. The Inland Revenue Board (LHDN) says employees working in Malaysia are taxed on the full income from that work even if it is paid from abroad or the employer has no office in Malaysia, so the foreign-income exemption does not cover a remote salary earned while living here. The only relief is for non-residents whose employment in Malaysia totals 60 days or less in a year (Schedule 6, paragraph 21); from day 61 the whole period is taxable. MDEC's DE Rantau FAQ, setting out LHDN's position, applies the same 60-day rule to remote workers and says foreign freelancers are taxable under section 4(a) subject to the residence rules; Malaysian clients must withhold 10% from a non-resident's fees for services performed in Malaysia. Residents file Form BE (Form B with business income), non-residents Form M. Bilateral credit for foreign tax is available to residents under a double tax agreement; unilateral credit does not cover Malaysian-source pay, and Malaysia has no tax treaty with the US. We found no official rule applying Malaysian EPF or SOCSO contributions to remote staff of a foreign employer with no Malaysian presence.

On the nomad visa

Public Ruling No. 2/2026: Tax Treatment of Foreign Nationals Exercising Employment in Malaysia · Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (LHDN, hasil.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
Published 27 March 2026: employment income deemed derived from Malaysia where exercised in Malaysia (section 13(2)), i.e. where the employee is physically present; 60-day exemption for non-residents under Schedule 6 paragraphs 21–22 counted on the employment period; non-resident rate 30%; bilateral credit for residents, unilateral credit not available for Malaysian-source income; Example 15 notes there is no Malaysia–US tax treaty
Tax Treatment: Residents & Non-Residents (update 08/04/2026) · Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (LHDN, hasil.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
Section 7(1)(a)–(d) residence tests with examples (182 days, linked periods and 14-day temporary absences, 90 days plus 3 of 4 prior years); employees working in Malaysia taxed on full income even if paid abroad or the employer has no Malaysian office; residents on scale rates with reliefs, non-residents 30% flat; return forms BE, B and M
Tax Rate (individuals) · Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (LHDN, hasil.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
Resident scale for YA 2023, 2024 and 2025: 0% to RM5,000 up to 28% on RM600,001–2,000,000 and 30% above RM2,000,000
Guidelines: Tax Treatment in Relation to Income Received from Abroad (Amendment), June 2024 · Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (LHDN, hasil.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
Foreign income received by residents taxable from 1 January 2022; all foreign income other than partnership income received by resident individuals exempt; the subject-to-tax condition is met where tax was paid abroad or the income was untaxed because of the source country's system, a threshold or an incentive
Income Tax (Exemption) (No. 5) Order 2022 [P.U. (A) 234/2022] · Attorney General's Chambers of Malaysia, Laws of Malaysia Online (lom.agc.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
Exempts resident individuals on gross income from all sources received in Malaysia from outside Malaysia, excluding a partnership business in Malaysia, subject to the guideline's subject-to-tax conditions; originally 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2026
Income Tax (Exemption) (No. 5) Order 2022 (Amendment) Order 2024 [P.U. (A) 451/2024] · Attorney General's Chambers of Malaysia, Laws of Malaysia Online (lom.agc.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
Gazetted 24 December 2024, in force 1 January 2027: replaces "31 December 2026" with "31 December 2036" in P.U. (A) 234/2022
Budget 2026 Tax Measures (Appendices 8 and 14) · Ministry of Finance Malaysia (belanjawan.mof.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
Confirms the individual foreign-income exemption runs from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2036; proposes raising stamp duty on residential transfers to non-citizens from 4% to 8% from 1 January 2026; no change to individual rate bands among the measures
Finance Act 2024 (Act 862) · Attorney General's Chambers of Malaysia, Laws of Malaysia Online (lom.agc.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
New section 6(1)(r) and Schedule 1 Part XXII: 2% on an individual's dividends from companies, deemed derived from Malaysia under section 14, in excess of RM100,000, from 1 January 2025
Finance Act 2025 (Act 874) · Attorney General's Chambers of Malaysia, Laws of Malaysia Online (lom.agc.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
Stamp Act First Schedule item 32(ab), in force 1 January 2026: RM8 per RM100 (8%) of the consideration or market value, whichever is greater, on sales of residential property to a foreign company or a person who is neither a citizen nor a permanent resident
Real Property Gains Tax (RPGT) Rates · Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (LHDN, hasil.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
Schedule 5 Part III (non-citizens who are not permanent residents): 30% on disposals within five years and 10% from the sixth year since 1 January 2019; Part I (citizens): 0% from the sixth year since 2022
Guidelines: Tax Treatment on Gains from the Disposal of Foreign Capital Assets Received in Malaysia (Amendment), 29 September 2026 · Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (LHDN, hasil.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
Capital gains tax from 1 January 2024 charges companies, LLPs, trust bodies and co-operatives; individuals are not chargeable persons
Repealed principal Acts (search: estate duty) · Attorney General's Chambers of Malaysia, Laws of Malaysia Online (lom.agc.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
Lists the Finance (Estate Duty) Acts 1971, 1979 and 1980 as repealed by the Finance Act 1992 (Act 476); no estate or inheritance tax remains
DE Rantau Pass FAQ, version 10.0 (28 August 2026) · Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC, mdec.my) · read 2026-10-27
Section E Tax: remote workers exempt at 60 days or less in Malaysia, taxable from 61 days under section 13(2) at rates set by residence; freelancers taxable under section 4(a) subject to section 7; 10% withholding under section 109B on Malaysian-source fees while non-resident; LHDN tax registration required for endorsement
MM2H Category Overview · Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Malaysia (mm2h.gov.my) · read 2026-10-27
Platinum, Gold, Silver and SEZ/SFZ tiers with fixed deposits of US$1,000,000, US$500,000, US$150,000 and US$32,000–65,000, passes of 5–20 years and a 90-day minimum yearly stay for under-50s; states no tax on foreign funds or income and no tax on fixed-deposit profit

Not yet reviewed by a person · compiled from official pages read on 2026-10-27

General information, not tax advice. Tax treaties, your citizenship and your home country's exit rules can change the answer. US citizens are taxed by the US wherever they live.

Airports and nonstop flights

Alor Setar is served by one airport.

Airport	Nonstop destinations	International	From US airports
AORSultan Abdul Halim Airport	3	0	0

Wikipedia airport pages as of 2026-08: seasonal routes included, charters and announced-but-not-started routes excluded.

What is the weather like through the year?

Comfortable months by our rule: Jan–Mar. Rank cities for Dec–Feb →

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Mean °F	78	79	80	82	81	80	80	80	79	79	79	78
Rain in	4.4	2	4.6	6.2	8	6.1	6.7	7.8	9.3	11.7	13.4	10.4
Humidity %	83	79	79	81	84	84	84	84	85	86	87	87

Green temperatures mark months that meet the comfort rule (59–82°F, ≤5.9 in rain, ≤85% humidity). NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology at the city coordinates.

Where can you stay in Alor Setar?

Three ways to live here, and what each does to the monthly budget. Rents are the one-bedroom figures from the cost table; hotels and short lets are priced per night and cost more, most of all in high season.

Option	Rent per month	Monthly total	Notes
One-bedroom outside the centre	—	—	No city-level cost here; the total is a national estimate.
One-bedroom in the centre	—	—	No city-level rent figure for this city.
Hotel or short let	—	—	For the first weeks or a stay under a month. Compare hotels on Navoy →

Monthly rents assume an unfurnished lease of six months or more; furnished monthly lets usually cost 20 to 50 percent more.

Cities with a similar profile

Langkawi Malaysia · 62.2
Compare with Alor Setar →
Ipoh Malaysia · 60.5
Compare with Alor Setar →
Penang (George Town) Malaysia · 64.9
Compare with Alor Setar →
Kota Kinabalu Malaysia · 60.7
Compare with Alor Setar →
Miri Malaysia · 58.3
Compare with Alor Setar →

Also in Asia: Abbottabad, Agra, Ahmedabad, Ahvaz, Akita, Almaty

Ready to see Alor Setar for yourself?

Nostos tells you where. Navoy, the AI travel planner behind it, builds the trip: itineraries, places to stay and what to book before you land.

Plan a trip to Alor Setar →

Opens on navoy.io.

The vibe

What people post about living in Alor Setar, read for its mood. It is a reading of opinions, not a fact, and it is not part of the score.

Mixed · 50Only hotel-review videos with very low views and no real comments, so there is almost no resident voice on living in Alor Setar; treat this as a neutral, low-confidence read.

People praise

cheap homestays
hotel room amenities
central location

People warn about

no resident commentary
thin evidence overall

Content is promotional hotel listings, not lived experience
Not enough opinions from people who stayed for months
Look for expat forums or local residents' reviews before deciding

Read from 8 videos, 0 comments and 0 posts on 2026-11-07; the summary is written by a language model and can misread sarcasm.

Watch what people say

Frequently asked

How much does it cost to live in Alor Setar as a digital nomad?: A single person typically spends about $1,050 per month in Alor Setar (a country-level estimate for Malaysia). That is a 72/100 cost score, where 100 is the cheapest city in the dataset.
Is Alor Setar safe for digital nomads?: Alor Setar scores 78/100 on safety. Malaysia records 0.69 homicides per 100,000 people per year (WHO, 2024) and a political-stability score of 71.6/100 (World Bank WGI). Both figures are national, so neighbourhood-level risk can differ.
Does Malaysia have a digital nomad visa?: Yes. Malaysia offers the DE Rantau Nomad Pass with a minimum income of about $2,000 per month. Verify current rules with the issuing authority before applying. Full guide: https://nostos.navoy.io/visas/malaysia
How fast is the internet in Alor Setar?: Measured median download speed in Alor Setar was 57.7 Mbps (upload 33.7 Mbps) across 1,085 M-Lab tests in 2024. Measured speeds run below advertised plan speeds everywhere, so compare cities rather than reading the number as a plan.
Is Starlink available in Alor Setar?: Yes. Starlink's availability map lists residential service as available in Malaysia (checked 2026-10), so a dish can serve as a backup line in Alor Setar. Check the exact address on starlink.com before ordering, since capacity varies by area.
Which airports serve Alor Setar and how many nonstop flights are there?: Alor Setar is served by Sultan Abdul Halim Airport (AOR) with 3 nonstop destinations, of which 0 are international. 0 US airports have a nonstop link. Source: Wikipedia, 2026-08.
When is the best time of year to be in Alor Setar?: The most comfortable months are Jan, Feb, Mar. Mean temperatures range from 78°F (25°C) in Jan to 82°F (28°C) in Apr (NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology).
Alor Setar or Langkawi: which is better for digital nomads?: Langkawi is the city with the closest factor profile to Alor Setar in this dataset. Which one wins depends on your weights; the comparison page puts every factor side by side with the numbers behind them.

Sources

Dataset 2026.11.2, published 2026-11-09. Download the full dataset or read the methodology.

1.City population (latest census or official estimate), Wikipedia (citing national statistics offices). CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. City-proper figures; the per-city source URL is stored with the seed row.
2.2026 Cost of Living Index (country level), WhereNext. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Country-level monthly estimate used only where no city-level figure exists; cost_index kept for every city.
3.Cost of Living Global 2026 (city rows), WhereToEmigrate. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. monthly_cost_single_eur and rent_1br_center_eur, converted to USD at the ECB reference rate on the retrieval date (see ecb-frankfurter).
4.Victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population (national data, latest year), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, dataUNODC. UNODC data, free to reuse with attribution. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Police- or statistics-office-recorded rates reported to UNODC's crime-trends survey, latest year per country (2024 for most), both sexes, all ages; the United Kingdom uses England and Wales. Replaces the WHO modelled estimate wherever UNODC has a figure from 2018 or later; WHO's 2021 estimates ran several times above recorded figures for El Salvador and Honduras. Workbook data_cts_intentional_homicide.xlsx (July 2026) reduced by scripts/build-dataset/inputs/convert-unodc-homicide.py.
5.Worldwide Governance Indicators — Political Stability and Absence of Violence (score 0–100), World Bank. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22.
6.UHC service coverage index, World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22.
7.Life expectancy at birth (years), both sexes, World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22.
8.M-Lab NDT statistics (city aggregates, 2024), Measurement Lab. CC0 1.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Median of daily median download/upload throughput over 2024 for the city aggregate; sample count is the number of tests. Speeds reflect user-initiated tests, not advertised plans.
9.Starlink availability map, SpaceX (Starlink). Factual status cited from starlink.com. Retrieved 2026-10-07. Residential service status per country from the file Starlink's map loads. Grouped as on the map: launched or available = available; coming soon, pending regulatory approval or test = coming soon; blacklisted = not offered; unknown or excluded = unknown. Shown on city pages and as a ranker filter; not part of any score. Roaming and maritime plans can work in more places.
10.Nostos long-stay visa guides, Navoy. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-10-04. One record per country in data/manual/visas/<iso2>.json, compiled into data/visa-guides.json. Each guide lists the official government pages it was compiled from with retrieval dates. A guide's `verification` field is set only when a named person has re-read every source; until then pages say the guide is not yet reviewed by a person.
11.Passport Index dataset (visa requirements, 199 passports × 199 destinations), Ilya Ilyankou (compiled from passportindex.org). MIT. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Days per visit where stated; 'visa free' without a limit is credited as unlimited; eTA, visa on arrival, e-visa and visa required are credited 0 days for scoring but shown by kind. The default US/EU/UK figures use the US, German and British passports.
12.Airport destinations (Wikipedia airline and destination tables), Wikipedia contributors; countries via Wikidata. CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-24. Distinct destination airports listed in each airport article's passenger table, resolved through Wikidata. Seasonal routes count; charters and routes announced but not yet flying are excluded. The as-of date is the newest article revision among the city's airports. Falls back to the OpenFlights snapshot when an airport has no article or table.
13.Walkability and transit ratings (editorial), Navoy. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Judgment ratings, not measurements. Explained on /methodology.
14.NASA POWER climatology (2001–2020 monthly means), NASA Langley Research Center. Public domain (US Government). Retrieved 2026-09-22. T2M, PRECTOTCORR and RH2M at the city coordinates (0.5° grid). Monthly precipitation = mm/day × days in month.
15.WHO Ambient Air Quality Database, June 2026 update (V8), World Health Organization. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22. Annual mean PM2.5 for the most recent year available for the city.
16.OpenStreetMap restaurants (Overpass API), OpenStreetMap contributors. ODbL 1.0. Retrieved 2026-10-02. Count of OpenStreetMap elements tagged amenity=restaurant within 3 km of the city centre coordinate. Measures how many restaurants are mapped, which tracks real density well where OpenStreetMap is well maintained (Europe, the Americas, East and Southeast Asia) and under-counts where it is not (parts of Africa and Central Asia).
17.Human Development Index (HDR 2025, HDI 2023), United Nations Development Programme. CC BY 3.0 IGO. Retrieved 2026-09-22.
18.EF English Proficiency Index 2024 (band), EF Education First. Proprietary; band cited as a fact with attribution. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Only the proficiency band is stored, transcribed by hand from the public ranking.

🇺🇸For US nomads