How much does it cost to live in Ajaccio as a digital nomad?

A single person typically spends about $2,450 per month in Ajaccio (a country-level estimate for France). That is a 31/100 cost score, where 100 is the cheapest city in the dataset.

Is Ajaccio safe for digital nomads?

Ajaccio scores 68/100 on safety. France records 1.33 homicides per 100,000 people per year (WHO, 2024) and a political-stability score of 64/100 (World Bank WGI). Both figures are national, so neighbourhood-level risk can differ.

Does France have a digital nomad visa?

No dedicated digital nomad visa was listed for France as of 2026-07. Visitors from the US can stay 90 days visa-free.

How fast is the internet in Ajaccio?

Measured median download speed in Ajaccio was 63.2 Mbps (upload 71.6 Mbps) across 2,566 M-Lab tests in 2024. Measured speeds run below advertised plan speeds everywhere, so compare cities rather than reading the number as a plan.

Is Starlink available in Ajaccio?

Yes. Starlink's availability map lists residential service as available in France (checked 2026-10), so a dish can serve as a backup line in Ajaccio. Check the exact address on starlink.com before ordering, since capacity varies by area.

Which airports serve Ajaccio and how many nonstop flights are there?

Ajaccio is served by Ajaccio Napoleon Bonaparte Airport (AJA) with 30 nonstop destinations, of which 8 are international. 0 US airports have a nonstop link. Source: Wikipedia, 2026-09.

When is the best time of year to be in Ajaccio?

The most comfortable months are May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct. Mean temperatures range from 47°F (9°C) in Feb to 77°F (25°C) in Aug (NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology).

Ajaccio or Biarritz: which is better for digital nomads?

Biarritz is the city with the closest factor profile to Ajaccio in this dataset. Which one wins depends on your weights; the comparison page puts every factor side by side with the numbers behind them.

Photo: dmytrok · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Ajaccio

France · Europe · 76,320 people · Europe/Paris · EUR

Ajaccio scores 63.4/100 for digital nomads under balanced weights, ranking 546 of 1501 cities. Expect about $2,450 per month (country-level estimate), no dedicated nomad visa, and a measured median download speed of 63.2 Mbps.

Ajaccio is Corsica's largest town and seat of its regional assembly, set on a sheltered bay with town beaches, the Sanguinaires islands at the tip and mountains rising behind. Its airport has flights to Paris and other mainland cities and ferries run to Marseille, Toulon and Nice, but island prices are higher than the mainland, much closes in winter, summers are crowded and you need a car to explore.

Napoleon's birthplace
Bay beaches and Sanguinaires islands
Mountain hiking inland
Very seasonal, car needed

Balanced score

out of 100

Vibe check

Cost3.4
Safety7.6
Health9.7
Internet9.2
Visa6.7
Mobility2.1
Climate5.6
Air10.1
QoL9.0

Rank 546 of 1,501 · its cost is a national estimate, so Top 10 lists rank it after cities with a local price

Rank with your own weights →Plan a trip to Ajaccio →

Monthly cost$2,450country estimate
Nomad visaNone listedUS passport: 90 days
Internet63.2 Mbpsmeasured median
Comfortable months6 of 1259–82°F (15–28 °C), dry, not humid

For US nomads

US passport entry
90 days visa-free
no visa needed for a visit
Time vs New York
6 hours ahead of New York
3h of a 9–6 day overlap with Eastern time
Time vs Los Angeles
9 hours ahead of Los Angeles
0h of a 9–6 day overlap with Pacific time
Non-stop from the US
0 US airports
Wikipedia, 2026-09

Prices are in US dollars. US citizens are taxed on worldwide income; the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion and state residency rules are worth a look before a long stay.

Eating out

OpenStreetMap, 2026-11¹⁶

119restaurants within 3 km

Mapped around the centre of Ajaccio: a modest scene, worth checking the neighbourhoods. A count of what is on the map, not a rating, and it does not affect the score.

How Ajaccio scores, factor by factor

Superscripts link to the source list at the bottom. Country-level figures apply to all of France.

Cost of living

Monthly cost for one person (log-scaled, cheaper is better).

Monthly cost, one person: $2,450² · country-level, 2026-09
Central one-bedroom rent: no data³ · city-level, 2026-09 — no city-level rent row in the WhereToEmigrate dataset

Safety

Homicide rate and political stability (country-level).

Homicide rate: 1.33 per 100k⁴ · country-level, 2024
Political stability: 64/100⁵ · country-level, 2025

Healthcare

WHO universal-health-coverage index and life expectancy (country-level).

UHC service coverage: 82/100⁶ · country-level, 2023
Life expectancy: 82.5 years⁷ · country-level, 2023

Internet

Median measured download and upload speed (M-Lab, city-level; the province or country aggregate where the city has too few tests).

Median download: 63.2 Mbps⁸ · city-level, 2024
Median upload: 71.6 Mbps⁸ · city-level, 2024
Tests measured: 2,566⁸ · city-level, 2024
Starlink: Available⁹ · country-level, 2026-10, not scored

Visa ease

How easily your passport gets in and stays: visa-free days, eTA, visa on arrival, e-visa or consular visa, plus a nomad visa and how affordable its income threshold is. Averages US, EU and UK passports until you pick yours.

Nomad visa: none listed¹⁰
Entry, US passport: 90 days¹¹ · country-level, 2026-02
Entry, EU passport: unlimited¹¹ · country-level, 2026-02
Entry, UK passport: 90 days¹¹ · country-level, 2026-02

Getting there & around

Non-stop airport destinations (hub size) plus editorial walkability and transit ratings.

Non-stop destinations from AJA: 30¹² · city-level, 2026-09
Walkability: 3/5¹³ · editorial, 2026-09
Public transit: 2/5¹³ · editorial, 2026-09

Climate

Share of months that are comfortable: 59–82°F (15–28 °C) mean, at most 5.9 in (150 mm) rain, at most 85% humidity.

Comfortable months: 6 of 12¹⁴ · city-level, 2001–2020 normals

Air quality

Annual mean PM2.5 on a fixed scale: 5 µg/m³ (WHO guideline) scores 100, 50 µg/m³ or worse scores 0.

Annual mean PM2.5: 9.1 µg/m³¹⁵ · city-level, 2024

Quality of life

Human Development Index and English proficiency (country-level).

Human Development Index: 0.920¹⁷ · country-level, 2023
English proficiency: moderate¹⁸ · country-level, 2024

What does Ajaccio cost per month?

Total, one person	$2,450	country estimate
One-bedroom rent, centre	no data	city-level rent unavailable
Country cost index (US = 100)	67	country

Can you stay legally?

Nomad visa	none listed
Minimum income	—
US passport	90 days
EU passport	unlimited
UK passport	90 days

Visa rules change often. Verify with the issuing government before you book.

Do you pay tax here on income from abroad?

Tax status · France

Residents pay 0%–45% on worldwide income plus surtaxes; investment income pays 31.4% flat from 2026

Worldwide income

Once France is your tax home, it taxes your worldwide income. Salary or freelance fees earned while living there pay 0% to 45% per household share, plus social charges and a 3%–4% surtax on very high incomes. Foreign dividends, interest and share gains pay a 31.4% flat tax in 2026 (up from 30%). There is no nomad visa or remote-worker regime: the impatriate regime needs a job with a French-based employer.

Remote work income
Salary from a foreign employer or fees from foreign clients
Taxed
0%–45% progressive per household share (2026 scale), plus 3%–4% surtax above €250,000 and social contributions
Investments and pensions
Dividends, interest, gains, rent and pensions from abroad
Taxed
31.4% flat on dividends, interest and share gains (12.8% tax + 18.6% social charges); rent and pensions at 0%–45% progressive
Wealth
Net wealth and inheritance
No wealth tax
Inheritance tax applies

Tax resident after: 183 days a year
Top income tax rate: 49%

On the nomad visa

France has no digital nomad visa. The long-stay visitor visa or residence card (visiteur) is for people living on their own resources (at least €1,477.93 a month for a single person), and you must sign an undertaking not to work in France in any form, employed or self-employed; official pages do not say whether remote work for a foreign employer is allowed, so check with the consulate. Working routes run through the multi-year talent card (passeport talent) for qualified employees of French firms, founders, investors and others. Whatever the permit, once your home or main stay is in France you are taxed as a resident on worldwide income.

Impatriate regime (régime des impatriés, article 155 B CGI)8 years
The impatriation bonus is exempt from income tax (its actual amount, or a flat 30% of net pay), and so is pay for workdays spent abroad, within a cap of 50% of total pay (or 20% for the foreign-workdays part). 50% of foreign dividends, interest, royalties and gains on securities held abroad is also exempt from income tax if the payer or custodian is in a country with an administrative-assistance treaty; social charges stay due on the full amount. It lasts until 31 December of the 8th calendar year after you start the job.
Who qualifies: Employees and certain directors who take up a job with a company established in France, either through a transfer within a group or by being recruited directly from abroad, and who were not domiciled in France in the 5 calendar years before. People who came to France on their own initiative, freelancers and remote workers employed by a foreign company without a French employer do not qualify.
Micro-entrepreneur (micro-entreprise)no fixed end
No bookkeeping of real costs: income tax applies to turnover after a flat allowance of 34% for liberal professions (BNC), 50% for BIC services and 71% for sales (minimum €305). Social contributions are a flat share of turnover in 2026: 25.6% for unregulated liberal professions, 23.2% under CIPAV and 21.2% for BIC services. If household reference income two years earlier is at most €29,579 per share, you can pay income tax as a 2.2% (BNC) or 1.7% (BIC services) levy on turnover instead (versement libératoire).
Who qualifies: Self-employed people, including freelancers with foreign clients, whose turnover stays within €83,600 for services and liberal professions or €203,100 for sales in 2026. You need a residence status that allows self-employment; the visitor status does not.
IFI newcomer rule5 years
For 5 years only property and real-estate rights in France count toward IFI; real estate abroad is left out. The usual €1,300,000 threshold still applies.
Who qualifies: People who move their tax domicile to France after being domiciled abroad for the 5 previous calendar years.

BOI-IR-CHAMP-10: Personnes imposables et domicile fiscal · Direction générale des Finances publiques, BOFiP-Impôts · read 2026-10-27
Article 4 B tests, one test is enough, more than six months as the usual (not absolute) principal-stay rule, hotel stays, primacy of treaties
Suis-je non-résident fiscal ? · impots.gouv.fr (DGFiP) · read 2026-10-27
Foyer, professional activity and centre of economic interests tests; any one makes you domiciled in France
BOI-IR-DOMIC: Changement de domicile · Direction générale des Finances publiques, BOFiP-Impôts · read 2026-10-27
Unlimited tax liability only for the period of French domicile (split arrival year)
BOI-RSA-GEO-40-10-10: Salariés impatriés, champ d'application · Direction générale des Finances publiques, BOFiP-Impôts · read 2026-10-27
Impatriate eligibility (group transfer or direct recruitment abroad by a French-established company), 5-year non-residence, end on 31 December of the 8th year, multi-country principal-stay rule
Le régime des impatriés · impots.gouv.fr (DGFiP) · read 2026-10-27
Bonus exemption (actual or 30% flat), 50% and 20% caps, 50% exemption of foreign passive income and securities gains, treaty administrative-assistance condition, exclusion of people who came on their own initiative
Notice 2074-IMP (revenus 2025) · impots.gouv.fr (DGFiP) · read 2026-10-27
Social charges due on the full gain despite the impatriate 50% exemption; 18.6% social charges on share gains from 1 January 2025
Impôt sur le revenu 2026 : le barème revalorisé de 0,9 % · Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
2026 scale on 2025 income (0%, 11%, 30%, 41%, 45% above €181,917) under Loi 2026-103 of 19 February 2026
Who must pay the exceptional contribution on high incomes? · Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
CEHR 3% and 4% bands for single people and couples; CDHR 20% minimum for 2025 and 2026 income
BOI-IR-CDHR: Contribution différentielle sur les hauts revenus · Direction générale des Finances publiques, BOFiP-Impôts · read 2026-10-27
CDHR thresholds of €250,000 and €500,000, 20% average-rate floor including CEHR, residents only, applies until the deficit falls below 3% of GDP
Income tax - Savings and investment income · Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
12.8% flat income tax, social charges raised to 18.6% from 1 January 2026, annual global option for the progressive scale with the 40% dividend allowance
Prélèvements sociaux sur les revenus du patrimoine et les produits de placement · Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
18.6% general rate (CSG 10.6%) under Loi 2025-1403 art. 12; 17.2% for life insurance, rental income and property gains; 7.5% solidarity levy only for people insured in the EU/EEA or Switzerland
Imposition des revenus de source étrangère · impots.gouv.fr (DGFiP) · read 2026-10-27
Treaties decide; credit equal to French tax usually for salaries, pensions and real-estate income, credit equal to foreign tax for securities income; effective-rate method
Plus-value immobilière · Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
19% plus 17.2% on property gains, main-home exemption, exemption after 22 and 30 years
Foreign companies service · Urssaf · read 2026-10-27
Employees of a foreign company without a French establishment who work in France are compulsorily covered by French social security; the employer registers and pays through this service
Formulaire 3916-3916 bis (2026) · impots.gouv.fr (DGFiP) · read 2026-10-27
Residents declare foreign accounts; €1,500 fine per undeclared account, €10,000 for non-cooperative countries
Micro-entreprise : seuils de chiffre d'affaires (fiche F32353) · Entreprendre.Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
2026 thresholds of €83,600 (services and BNC) and €203,100 (sales)
Tax regime for micro-company · Entreprendre.Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
Flat allowances of 34%, 50% and 71% (minimum €305); versement libératoire rates of 1%, 1.7% and 2.2% and the €29,579 reference-income cap
Micro-entreprise : taux des cotisations sociales (fiche F36232) · Entreprendre.Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
2026 contribution rates: 25.6% unregulated liberal professions, 23.2% CIPAV, 21.2% BIC services, 12.3% sales
Impôt sur la fortune immobilière (IFI) · Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
€1,300,000 threshold on 1 January 2026 and the 0.5%–1.5% rate table (checked 6 March 2026, unchanged)
Real estate wealth tax (IFI): persons and property concerned · Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
30% main-home allowance; non-residents taxed on French property only; 5-year rule for newcomers
Droits de succession (barème et abattements) · Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
Allowances (€100,000 per child), direct-line rates up to 45% above €1,805,677, siblings 35%–45%, 55% and 60%, spouse and PACS exemption
BOI-ENR-DMTG-10-10-30: Champ d'application territorial (article 750 ter CGI) · Direction générale des Finances publiques, BOFiP-Impôts · read 2026-10-27
Worldwide assets taxed when the deceased or donor lived in France, or when the heir has been domiciled in France 6 of the last 10 years; subject to treaties
Temporary residence card "visitor" of a foreigner in France · Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
Visitor status forbids any work in France, handwritten undertaking, €1,477.93 monthly resources; remote work for a foreign employer not addressed
Talent card: multi-year residence card of a foreigner in France · Service-Public.fr (DILA) · read 2026-10-27
Talent card categories (qualified employees, innovative-company staff, EU Blue Card, founders, investors and others)

Not yet reviewed by a person · compiled from official pages read on 2026-10-27

General information, not tax advice. Tax treaties, your citizenship and your home country's exit rules can change the answer. US citizens are taxed by the US wherever they live.

Airports and nonstop flights

Ajaccio is served by one airport.

Airport	Nonstop destinations	International	From US airports
AJAAjaccio Napoleon Bonaparte Airport	30	8	0

Wikipedia airport pages as of 2026-09: seasonal routes included, charters and announced-but-not-started routes excluded.

What is the weather like through the year?

Comfortable months by our rule: May–Oct. Rank cities for Jun–Aug →

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Mean °F	48	47	51	56	63	71	77	77	71	64	56	50
Rain in	3.9	3.6	3.2	2.5	2.4	0.9	0.4	0.6	2.2	4.1	5	3.9
Humidity %	80	78	77	73	70	64	58	57	64	73	78	79

Green temperatures mark months that meet the comfort rule (59–82°F, ≤5.9 in rain, ≤85% humidity). NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology at the city coordinates.

Where can you stay in Ajaccio?

Three ways to live here, and what each does to the monthly budget. Rents are the one-bedroom figures from the cost table; hotels and short lets are priced per night and cost more, most of all in high season.

Option	Rent per month	Monthly total	Notes
One-bedroom outside the centre	—	—	No city-level cost here; the total is a national estimate.
One-bedroom in the centre	—	—	No city-level rent figure for this city.
Hotel or short let	—	—	For the first weeks or a stay under a month. Compare hotels on Navoy →

Monthly rents assume an unfurnished lease of six months or more; furnished monthly lets usually cost 20 to 50 percent more.

Cities with a similar profile

Biarritz France · 63.9
Compare with Ajaccio →
Nîmes France · 63.6
Compare with Ajaccio →
Limoges France · 62.3
Compare with Ajaccio →
Brest (France) France · 62.3
Compare with Ajaccio →
Toulon France · 66
Compare with Ajaccio →

Also in Europe: A Coruña, Aachen, Aalborg, Aarhus, Aberdeen, Adana

Ready to see Ajaccio for yourself?

Nostos tells you where. Navoy, the AI travel planner behind it, builds the trip: itineraries, places to stay and what to book before you land.

Plan a trip to Ajaccio →

Opens on navoy.io.

The vibe

What people post about living in Ajaccio, read for its mood. It is a reading of opinions, not a fact, and it is not part of the score.

Mixed · 50Little real resident sentiment here; mostly comedy vlogs, cruise and hotel promos, and a prison documentary, so the verdict stays neutral.

People praise

scenic views
hillside villas

People warn about

no real resident experiences
prison facilities are dated

Available content says little about daily life for remote workers.
Comments praise the video's humor, not the city itself.
Cruise and hotel clips show a scenic, resort-style image rather than local living.
A 2018 documentary describes an outdated late-19th-century prison, not city living conditions.

Read from 7 videos, 13 comments and 0 posts on 2026-11-08; the summary is written by a language model and can misread sarcasm.

Watch what people say

Frequently asked

How much does it cost to live in Ajaccio as a digital nomad?: A single person typically spends about $2,450 per month in Ajaccio (a country-level estimate for France). That is a 31/100 cost score, where 100 is the cheapest city in the dataset.
Is Ajaccio safe for digital nomads?: Ajaccio scores 68/100 on safety. France records 1.33 homicides per 100,000 people per year (WHO, 2024) and a political-stability score of 64/100 (World Bank WGI). Both figures are national, so neighbourhood-level risk can differ.
Does France have a digital nomad visa?: No dedicated digital nomad visa was listed for France as of 2026-07. Visitors from the US can stay 90 days visa-free.
How fast is the internet in Ajaccio?: Measured median download speed in Ajaccio was 63.2 Mbps (upload 71.6 Mbps) across 2,566 M-Lab tests in 2024. Measured speeds run below advertised plan speeds everywhere, so compare cities rather than reading the number as a plan.
Is Starlink available in Ajaccio?: Yes. Starlink's availability map lists residential service as available in France (checked 2026-10), so a dish can serve as a backup line in Ajaccio. Check the exact address on starlink.com before ordering, since capacity varies by area.
Which airports serve Ajaccio and how many nonstop flights are there?: Ajaccio is served by Ajaccio Napoleon Bonaparte Airport (AJA) with 30 nonstop destinations, of which 8 are international. 0 US airports have a nonstop link. Source: Wikipedia, 2026-09.
When is the best time of year to be in Ajaccio?: The most comfortable months are May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct. Mean temperatures range from 47°F (9°C) in Feb to 77°F (25°C) in Aug (NASA POWER 2001–2020 climatology).
Ajaccio or Biarritz: which is better for digital nomads?: Biarritz is the city with the closest factor profile to Ajaccio in this dataset. Which one wins depends on your weights; the comparison page puts every factor side by side with the numbers behind them.

Sources

Dataset 2026.11.2, published 2026-11-09. Download the full dataset or read the methodology.

1.City population (latest census or official estimate), Wikipedia (citing national statistics offices). CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. City-proper figures; the per-city source URL is stored with the seed row.
2.2026 Cost of Living Index (country level), WhereNext. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Country-level monthly estimate used only where no city-level figure exists; cost_index kept for every city.
3.Cost of Living Global 2026 (city rows), WhereToEmigrate. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. monthly_cost_single_eur and rent_1br_center_eur, converted to USD at the ECB reference rate on the retrieval date (see ecb-frankfurter).
4.Victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population (national data, latest year), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, dataUNODC. UNODC data, free to reuse with attribution. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Police- or statistics-office-recorded rates reported to UNODC's crime-trends survey, latest year per country (2024 for most), both sexes, all ages; the United Kingdom uses England and Wales. Replaces the WHO modelled estimate wherever UNODC has a figure from 2018 or later; WHO's 2021 estimates ran several times above recorded figures for El Salvador and Honduras. Workbook data_cts_intentional_homicide.xlsx (July 2026) reduced by scripts/build-dataset/inputs/convert-unodc-homicide.py.
5.Worldwide Governance Indicators — Political Stability and Absence of Violence (score 0–100), World Bank. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22.
6.UHC service coverage index, World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22.
7.Life expectancy at birth (years), both sexes, World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22.
8.M-Lab NDT statistics (city aggregates, 2024), Measurement Lab. CC0 1.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Median of daily median download/upload throughput over 2024 for the city aggregate; sample count is the number of tests. Speeds reflect user-initiated tests, not advertised plans.
9.Starlink availability map, SpaceX (Starlink). Factual status cited from starlink.com. Retrieved 2026-10-07. Residential service status per country from the file Starlink's map loads. Grouped as on the map: launched or available = available; coming soon, pending regulatory approval or test = coming soon; blacklisted = not offered; unknown or excluded = unknown. Shown on city pages and as a ranker filter; not part of any score. Roaming and maritime plans can work in more places.
10.Digital Nomad Visas 2026, WhereToEmigrate. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Programme name, minimum monthly income (EUR, converted to USD) and whether it leads to permanent residence. Values are directional; verify with the issuing government.
11.Passport Index dataset (visa requirements, 199 passports × 199 destinations), Ilya Ilyankou (compiled from passportindex.org). MIT. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Days per visit where stated; 'visa free' without a limit is credited as unlimited; eTA, visa on arrival, e-visa and visa required are credited 0 days for scoring but shown by kind. The default US/EU/UK figures use the US, German and British passports.
12.Airport destinations (Wikipedia airline and destination tables), Wikipedia contributors; countries via Wikidata. CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-24. Distinct destination airports listed in each airport article's passenger table, resolved through Wikidata. Seasonal routes count; charters and routes announced but not yet flying are excluded. The as-of date is the newest article revision among the city's airports. Falls back to the OpenFlights snapshot when an airport has no article or table.
13.Walkability and transit ratings (editorial), Navoy. CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Judgment ratings, not measurements. Explained on /methodology.
14.NASA POWER climatology (2001–2020 monthly means), NASA Langley Research Center. Public domain (US Government). Retrieved 2026-09-22. T2M, PRECTOTCORR and RH2M at the city coordinates (0.5° grid). Monthly precipitation = mm/day × days in month.
15.WHO Ambient Air Quality Database, June 2026 update (V8), World Health Organization. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy). Retrieved 2026-09-22. Annual mean PM2.5 for the most recent year available for the city.
16.OpenStreetMap restaurants (Overpass API), OpenStreetMap contributors. ODbL 1.0. Retrieved 2026-10-02. Count of OpenStreetMap elements tagged amenity=restaurant within 3 km of the city centre coordinate. Measures how many restaurants are mapped, which tracks real density well where OpenStreetMap is well maintained (Europe, the Americas, East and Southeast Asia) and under-counts where it is not (parts of Africa and Central Asia).
17.Human Development Index (HDR 2025, HDI 2023), United Nations Development Programme. CC BY 3.0 IGO. Retrieved 2026-09-22.
18.EF English Proficiency Index 2024 (band), EF Education First. Proprietary; band cited as a fact with attribution. Retrieved 2026-09-22. Only the proficiency band is stored, transcribed by hand from the public ranking.

🇺🇸For US nomads