{ "name": "Nostos: digital nomad city dataset 2026", "description": "Over 300 digital-nomad cities with cost of living, safety, healthcare, internet speed, visa rules, airport connectivity, climate normals, air quality and quality-of-life indicators. Every value carries its source, as-of date and whether it is city-, country- or editorial-level.", "version": "2026.09.4", "publishedAt": "2026-09-26", "checksum": "444d3dada8e839c065ed4e980938526bc03b08fe47774457f59580947d59b835", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "citation": "Nostos (Navoy), nomad-cities-2026. https://nostos.navoy.io/data/nomad-cities-2026.json", "url": "https://nostos.navoy.io/data/nomad-cities-2026.json", "describedBy": "https://nostos.navoy.io/data", "methodology": "https://nostos.navoy.io/methodology", "factors": [ { "id": "cost", "label": "Cost of living", "description": "Monthly cost for one person (log-scaled, cheaper is better)." }, { "id": "safety", "label": "Safety", "description": "Homicide rate and political stability (country-level)." }, { "id": "healthcare", "label": "Healthcare", "description": "WHO universal-health-coverage index and life expectancy (country-level)." }, { "id": "internet", "label": "Internet", "description": "Median measured download and upload speed (M-Lab, city-level)." }, { "id": "visa", "label": "Visa ease", "description": "How easily your passport gets in and stays: visa-free days, eTA, visa on arrival, e-visa or consular visa, plus a nomad visa and how affordable its income threshold is. Uses the US/EU/UK average until you pick a passport." }, { "id": "mobility", "label": "Getting there & around", "description": "Non-stop airport destinations (hub size) plus editorial walkability and transit ratings." }, { "id": "climate", "label": "Climate", "description": "Share of months that are comfortable: 59–82°F (15–28 °C) mean, at most 5.9 in (150 mm) rain, at most 85% humidity." }, { "id": "air", "label": "Air quality", "description": "Annual mean PM2.5 on a fixed scale: 5 µg/m³ (WHO guideline) scores 100, 50 µg/m³ or worse scores 0." }, { "id": "qualityOfLife", "label": "Quality of life", "description": "Human Development Index and English proficiency (country-level)." } ], "fields": [ { "path": "slug, name, country, region, lat, lng, timezone, currency", "description": "Identity and location", "unit": "—" }, { "path": "population", "description": "City-proper population", "unit": "people" }, { "path": "metrics.cost.monthlyTotalUsd", "description": "Monthly cost for one person (city-level where available, else country estimate)", "unit": "USD/month" }, { "path": "metrics.cost.rent1brUsd", "description": "Central one-bedroom rent", "unit": "USD/month" }, { "path": "metrics.cost.rentOutskirts1brUsd", "description": "One-bedroom rent outside the centre (the rent the monthly budget assumes)", "unit": "USD/month" }, { "path": "metrics.cost.countryCostIndex", "description": "Country cost index, US = 100", "unit": "index" }, { "path": "metrics.safety.homicideRate", "description": "Intentional homicide rate (country)", "unit": "per 100k/year" }, { "path": "metrics.safety.politicalStability", "description": "World Bank WGI political stability score (country)", "unit": "0–100" }, { "path": "metrics.healthcare.uhcIndex", "description": "WHO UHC service coverage index (country)", "unit": "0–100" }, { "path": "metrics.healthcare.lifeExpectancy", "description": "Life expectancy at birth (country)", "unit": "years" }, { "path": "metrics.internet.downloadMbps / uploadMbps / sampleCount", "description": "M-Lab NDT median measured throughput and test count (city)", "unit": "Mbps, tests" }, { "path": "metrics.visa.nomadVisa", "description": "Digital nomad visa: exists, name, income threshold, leads to permanent residence", "unit": "USD/month" }, { "path": "metrics.visa.visaFreeDays.{us,eu,uk}", "description": "Visa-free days per visit for US, German and British passports; 0 = visa/e-visa/eTA/VOA required, 365 = unlimited. All 199 passports: GET /visa/", "unit": "days" }, { "path": "metrics.mobility.destinations / airports", "description": "Distinct non-stop destination airports from the listed airports", "unit": "airports" }, { "path": "metrics.mobility.internationalDestinations", "description": "Distinct nonstop destinations in other countries across the city's airports", "unit": "airports" }, { "path": "metrics.mobility.airportDetails[]", "description": "Per airport: IATA code, name, nonstop destinations, international destinations and US airports with a nonstop link (Wikipedia airport pages; OpenFlights snapshot where no article exists)", "unit": "airports" }, { "path": "metrics.mobility.usNonstopAirports", "description": "Distinct US airports with a non-stop route to the city (Wikipedia airport pages; OpenFlights snapshot where no article exists)", "unit": "US airports" }, { "path": "metrics.mobility.walkability / transit", "description": "Editorial ratings", "unit": "1–5" }, { "path": "metrics.climate.monthly[12]", "description": "Mean temperature, precipitation and relative humidity per month (2001–2020 normals)", "unit": "°C, mm, %" }, { "path": "metrics.air.pm25", "description": "Annual mean PM2.5", "unit": "µg/m³" }, { "path": "metrics.qualityOfLife.hdi / efEpiBand", "description": "Human Development Index (country) and EF English proficiency band", "unit": "0–1, band" }, { "path": "scores.factors.*", "description": "Factor scores computed by the published methodology", "unit": "0–100" }, { "path": "scores.balanced", "description": "Composite score under equal weights", "unit": "0–100" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "wheretoemigrate-col-2026", "name": "Cost of Living Global 2026 (city rows)", "publisher": "WhereToEmigrate", "url": "https://github.com/0brien18/global-emigration-dataset", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "Source: WhereToEmigrate — Emigration Research (https://wheretoemigrate.io/research/), CC BY 4.0", "notes": "monthly_cost_single_eur and rent_1br_center_eur, converted to USD at the ECB reference rate on the retrieval date (see ecb-frankfurter)." }, { "id": "wherenext-col-2026", "name": "2026 Cost of Living Index (country level)", "publisher": "WhereNext", "url": "https://getwherenext.com/data/cost-of-living-2026", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Cost of living data: WhereNext 2026 Cost of Living Index (getwherenext.com), CC BY 4.0", "notes": "Country-level monthly estimate used only where no city-level figure exists; cost_index kept for every city." }, { "id": "wheretoemigrate-dnv-2026", "name": "Digital Nomad Visas 2026", "publisher": "WhereToEmigrate", "url": "https://github.com/0brien18/global-emigration-dataset", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Source: WhereToEmigrate — Emigration Research (https://wheretoemigrate.io/research/), CC BY 4.0", "notes": "Programme name, minimum monthly income (EUR, converted to USD) and whether it leads to permanent residence. Values are directional; verify with the issuing government." }, { "id": "ecb-frankfurter", "name": "ECB euro reference rates via Frankfurter", "publisher": "European Central Bank / frankfurter.app", "url": "https://www.frankfurter.app/", "license": { "name": "Public (ECB reference rates)", "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/euro_reference_exchange_rates/html/index.en.html" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "EUR→USD conversion: ECB euro reference rate via frankfurter.app", "notes": "Used only to convert EUR figures from WhereToEmigrate to USD." }, { "id": "worldbank-wgi", "name": "Worldwide Governance Indicators — Political Stability and Absence of Violence (score 0–100)", "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Political stability: World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators (GOV_WGI_PV.SC), CC BY 4.0" }, { "id": "who-gho-homicide", "name": "Estimates of rates of homicides per 100 000 population", "publisher": "World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory", "url": "https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/estimates-of-rates-of-homicides-per-100-000-population", "license": { "name": "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy)", "url": "https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Homicide rate: WHO Global Health Observatory (VIOLENCE_HOMICIDERATE)", "notes": "WHO GHO data may be reused with attribution under WHO's data policy; see the /data page for the per-field license table." }, { "id": "who-gho-uhc", "name": "UHC service coverage index", "publisher": "World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory", "url": "https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/uhc-index-of-service-coverage", "license": { "name": "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy)", "url": "https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Healthcare coverage: WHO Global Health Observatory (UHC_INDEX_REPORTED)" }, { "id": "who-gho-life", "name": "Life expectancy at birth (years), both sexes", "publisher": "World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory", "url": "https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/life-expectancy-at-birth-(years)", "license": { "name": "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy)", "url": "https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Life expectancy: WHO Global Health Observatory (WHOSIS_000001)" }, { "id": "mlab-ndt-2024", "name": "M-Lab NDT statistics (city aggregates, 2024)", "publisher": "Measurement Lab", "url": "https://statistics.measurementlab.net/", "license": { "name": "CC0 1.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "Internet speed: Measurement Lab NDT data, CC0 (statistics.measurementlab.net)", "notes": "Median of daily median download/upload throughput over 2024 for the city aggregate; sample count is the number of tests. Speeds reflect user-initiated tests, not advertised plans." }, { "id": "openflights", "name": "OpenFlights airports and routes", "publisher": "OpenFlights.org", "url": "https://openflights.org/data", "license": { "name": "ODbL 1.0", "url": "https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "Airport connectivity derived from OpenFlights.org data, ODbL 1.0", "notes": "Count of distinct destination airports (domestic and international) served non-stop from the city's listed airports. The routes table is a 2014 snapshot; treat as an indicator of hub size, not current schedules." }, { "id": "wikipedia-airports", "name": "Airport destinations (Wikipedia airline and destination tables)", "publisher": "Wikipedia contributors; countries via Wikidata", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/", "license": { "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-24", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "Nonstop destinations: Wikipedia airport articles (Airlines and destinations), CC BY-SA 4.0; destination countries from Wikidata", "notes": "Distinct destination airports listed in each airport article's passenger table, resolved through Wikidata. Seasonal routes count; charters and routes announced but not yet flying are excluded. The as-of date is the newest article revision among the city's airports. Falls back to the OpenFlights snapshot when an airport has no article or table." }, { "id": "nasa-power", "name": "NASA POWER climatology (2001–2020 monthly means)", "publisher": "NASA Langley Research Center", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/", "license": { "name": "Public domain (US Government)", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/docs/services/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "Climate normals: NASA POWER Project (power.larc.nasa.gov)", "notes": "T2M, PRECTOTCORR and RH2M at the city coordinates (0.5° grid). Monthly precipitation = mm/day × days in month." }, { "id": "who-aaq-2026", "name": "WHO Ambient Air Quality Database, June 2026 update (V8)", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-ambient-air-quality-database-(update-jun-2026)", "license": { "name": "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (WHO data policy)", "url": "https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/data-policy" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "PM2.5: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database (2026 update)", "notes": "Annual mean PM2.5 for the most recent year available for the city." }, { "id": "acag-satpm25", "name": "SatPM2.5 satellite-derived annual PM2.5 (V6.GL.02.04)", "publisher": "Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group, Washington University in St. Louis", "url": "https://sites.wustl.edu/acag/surface-pm2-5/", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-26", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "Air quality where no WHO monitor exists: SatPM2.5 V6.GL.02.04, Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group, Washington University in St. Louis (CC BY 4.0)", "notes": "Annual 2023 PM2.5 for the 0.1° grid cell at the city centre, from satellite aerosol retrievals combined with a chemical transport model and ground monitors. Used only for cities with no WHO database row. Where the same country has WHO-measured cities, values are scaled by the median measured/satellite ratio there (corrects desert-dust overestimates in the Gulf). Across 247 cities with both, log-correlation with WHO values is 0.88 and the median difference 2 µg/m³." }, { "id": "undp-hdr-2025", "name": "Human Development Index (HDR 2025, HDI 2023)", "publisher": "United Nations Development Programme", "url": "https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/documentation-and-downloads", "license": { "name": "CC BY 3.0 IGO", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "HDI: UNDP Human Development Report 2025, CC BY 3.0 IGO" }, { "id": "ef-epi-2024", "name": "EF English Proficiency Index 2024 (band)", "publisher": "EF Education First", "url": "https://www.ef.com/epi/", "license": { "name": "Proprietary; band cited as a fact with attribution", "url": null }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "English proficiency band: EF English Proficiency Index 2024 (ef.com/epi). Countries where English is an official language are marked 'native'.", "notes": "Only the proficiency band is stored, transcribed by hand from the public ranking." }, { "id": "mobility-editorial", "name": "Walkability and transit ratings (editorial)", "publisher": "Navoy", "url": "https://nostos.navoy.io/methodology", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "editorial", "attribution": "Walkability and transit: Navoy editorial rating (1–5)", "notes": "Judgment ratings, not measurements. Explained on /methodology." }, { "id": "population-wikipedia", "name": "City population (latest census or official estimate)", "publisher": "Wikipedia (citing national statistics offices)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/", "license": { "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "Population: Wikipedia, citing national statistics offices", "notes": "City-proper figures; the per-city source URL is stored with the seed row." }, { "id": "navoy-editorial", "name": "Editorial copy (tagline, summary, known-for)", "publisher": "Navoy", "url": "https://nostos.navoy.io/", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "editorial", "attribution": "Editorial text: Navoy" }, { "id": "taiwan-moi-life", "name": "Life expectancy at birth, Taiwan (Ministry of the Interior)", "publisher": "Taiwan Ministry of the Interior, Department of Statistics", "url": "https://www.moi.gov.tw/english/", "license": { "name": "Open Government Data License, Taiwan", "url": "https://data.gov.tw/license" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Life expectancy (Taiwan): Ministry of the Interior, Department of Statistics", "notes": "Taiwan is not covered by WHO GHO; figure transcribed from the MOI abridged life table." }, { "id": "taiwan-homicide-wikipedia", "name": "Intentional homicide rate, Taiwan (National Police Agency via Wikipedia)", "publisher": "Wikipedia, citing Taiwan National Police Agency", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate", "license": { "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Homicide rate (Taiwan): Taiwan National Police Agency, via Wikipedia", "notes": "Taiwan is not covered by WHO GHO." }, { "id": "taiwan-dgbas-hdi", "name": "Human Development Index, Taiwan (DGBAS calculation)", "publisher": "Taiwan Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics", "url": "https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/", "license": { "name": "Open Government Data License, Taiwan", "url": "https://data.gov.tw/license" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "HDI (Taiwan): DGBAS, computed with the UNDP method", "notes": "UNDP does not publish an HDI for Taiwan; DGBAS applies the same method." }, { "id": "taiwan-moenv-air", "name": "Annual mean PM2.5, Taipei (Taiwan Ministry of Environment)", "publisher": "Taiwan Ministry of Environment", "url": "https://airtw.moenv.gov.tw/", "license": { "name": "Open Government Data License, Taiwan", "url": "https://data.gov.tw/license" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "PM2.5 (Taipei): Taiwan Ministry of Environment air quality monitoring network", "notes": "Taiwan is not in the WHO Ambient Air Quality Database." }, { "id": "passport-index-2026", "name": "Passport Index dataset (visa requirements, 199 passports × 199 destinations)", "publisher": "Ilya Ilyankou (compiled from passportindex.org)", "url": "https://github.com/ilyankou/passport-index-dataset", "license": { "name": "MIT", "url": "https://github.com/ilyankou/passport-index-dataset/blob/master/LICENSE" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Visa requirements: Passport Index dataset by Ilya Ilyankou (github.com/ilyankou/passport-index-dataset), MIT, compiled from passportindex.org", "notes": "Days per visit where stated; 'visa free' without a limit is credited as unlimited; eTA, visa on arrival, e-visa and visa required are credited 0 days for scoring but shown by kind. The default US/EU/UK figures use the US, German and British passports." }, { "id": "hk-censtatd-life", "name": "Life expectancy at birth, Hong Kong (Census and Statistics Department)", "publisher": "Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department", "url": "https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/", "license": { "name": "Open data (data.gov.hk)", "url": "https://data.gov.hk/en/terms-and-conditions" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Life expectancy (Hong Kong): Census and Statistics Department", "notes": "Hong Kong is not a WHO member state; average of male and female expectancy." }, { "id": "hk-homicide-wikipedia", "name": "Intentional homicide rate, Hong Kong (Police via Wikipedia)", "publisher": "Wikipedia, citing Hong Kong Police Force", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate", "license": { "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Homicide rate (Hong Kong): Hong Kong Police Force, via Wikipedia" }, { "id": "iqair-city-pages", "name": "IQAir city air-quality pages (yearly PM2.5 averages)", "publisher": "IQAir", "url": "https://www.iqair.com/world-air-quality", "license": { "name": "Proprietary; single annual figure cited as a fact with attribution", "url": null }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "PM2.5: IQAir (iqair.com), annual average as published on the city page", "notes": "Used only where the WHO database has no row for the city. Year is stored per value; some cities only publish older annual averages." }, { "id": "hk-can-2024", "name": "2024 Annual Air Quality Review (EPD monitoring data)", "publisher": "Clean Air Network, Hong Kong", "url": "https://hongkongcan.org/press-release/annual-air-quality-review-2024-pollution-reduced-but-still-incurred-high-health-and-economic-costs/", "license": { "name": "Cited as a fact with attribution", "url": null }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "PM2.5 (Hong Kong): Clean Air Network 2024 review of Environmental Protection Department monitoring data" }, { "id": "tirana-pm25-2024", "name": "Tirana PM2.5 annual levels 2023–2024 (monitoring reports as reported)", "publisher": "CNA.al, citing air-quality monitoring reports", "url": "https://www.cna.al/english/denoncim/qyteti-po-na-mbyt-ndotja-ne-tirane-tejkalon-3-here-normat-e-sigurise-gl-i464671", "license": { "name": "Cited as a fact with attribution", "url": null }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "PM2.5 (Tirana): monitoring reports as summarised by CNA.al", "notes": "Secondary source; replace with the National Environment Agency annual report when available." }, { "id": "kigali-pm25-study", "name": "Monitoring and Dispersion Modelling of PM2.5 in Rwanda (2019–2024)", "publisher": "Aerosol Science and Engineering (Springer)", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41810-025-00297-1", "license": { "name": "Cited as a fact with attribution", "url": null }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "PM2.5 (Kigali): annual mean 25–30 µg/m³, 2019–2024, Aerosol Science and Engineering", "notes": "Midpoint of the study's reported annual-mean range." }, { "id": "goturkiye-dnv", "name": "Türkiye Digital Nomad Visa (GoTürkiye)", "publisher": "Türkiye Tourism Promotion and Development Agency", "url": "https://digitalnomads.goturkiye.com/", "license": { "name": "Official programme page; cited as a fact", "url": null }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Nomad visa (Türkiye): GoTürkiye Digital Nomad programme", "notes": "Programme launched 2024; minimum monthly income USD 3,000; ages 21–55; not in the WhereToEmigrate list." }, { "id": "boca-tw-dnv", "name": "Taiwan Digital Nomad Visitor Visa", "publisher": "Bureau of Consular Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)", "url": "https://www.boca.gov.tw/cp-158-7718-c0382-2.html", "license": { "name": "Official programme page; cited as a fact", "url": null }, "retrieved": "2026-09-26", "coverage": "country", "attribution": "Taiwan nomad visa: Bureau of Consular Affairs, MOFA (Taiwan)", "notes": "Eligibility limited to visa-exempt nationals; income US$40,000/yr (age 30+) or US$20,000/yr (20–29); average balance US$10,000 over six months. Page updated 2026-08-07." }, { "id": "wherenext-city-2026", "name": "WhereNext city cost estimates 2026 (city pages)", "publisher": "WhereNext", "url": "https://getwherenext.com/cities", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "City cost estimates: WhereNext (getwherenext.com), CC BY 4.0", "notes": "The '~$X/mo' single-person estimate published on each city page (the API only exposes countries). Scaled to the WhereToEmigrate basket by the median ratio observed on cities both sources cover, so figures are comparable across the dataset; the scaling factor is recorded in the value's note on /methodology." }, { "id": "bea-rpp-2024", "name": "Regional Price Parities by metropolitan area, 2024 (all items)", "publisher": "US Bureau of Economic Analysis", "url": "https://www.bea.gov/data/prices-inflation/regional-price-parities-state-and-metro-area", "license": { "name": "Public domain (US Government)", "url": "https://www.bea.gov/help/faq/1076" }, "retrieved": "2026-09-22", "coverage": "city", "attribution": "US metro price levels: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Price Parities (MARPP), 2024", "notes": "US city cost = the national single-person estimate scaled by the metro's all-items RPP (US = 100). 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"summary": "Denver offers ski slopes and hiking within an hour, sunny weather and a stable tech job market. 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"precipMm": 53, "humidityPct": 79 }, { "month": 4, "meanTempC": 12.1, "precipMm": 42, "humidityPct": 76 }, { "month": 5, "meanTempC": 17.4, "precipMm": 35, "humidityPct": 74 }, { "month": 6, "meanTempC": 22.3, "precipMm": 36, "humidityPct": 69 }, { "month": 7, "meanTempC": 25.1, "precipMm": 20, "humidityPct": 66 }, { "month": 8, "meanTempC": 25.5, "precipMm": 22, "humidityPct": 66 }, { "month": 9, "meanTempC": 21.9, "precipMm": 54, "humidityPct": 68 }, { "month": 10, "meanTempC": 17, "precipMm": 70, "humidityPct": 76 }, { "month": 11, "meanTempC": 12.3, "precipMm": 63, "humidityPct": 80 }, { "month": 12, "meanTempC": 7.8, "precipMm": 82, "humidityPct": 82 } ], "sourceId": "nasa-power", "asOf": "2001", "level": "city" }, "air": { "pm25": { "value": 50.5, "unit": "µg/m³", "sourceId": "who-aaq-2026", "asOf": "2025", "level": "city" } }, "qualityOfLife": { "hdi": { "value": 0.853, "unit": "index 0-1", "sourceId": "undp-hdr-2025", "asOf": "2023", "level": "country" }, "efEpiBand": { "value": "very-low", "unit": "band", "sourceId": "ef-epi-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "country" } } }, "editorial": { "tagline": "Two continents, endless energy, weak lira", "summary": "Istanbul is enormous, historic and, for foreign earners, affordable thanks to a weak lira. 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"wherenext-city-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "rent1brUsd": { "value": 550, "unit": "USD/month", "sourceId": "wherenext-city-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "rentOutskirts1brUsd": { "value": 455, "unit": "USD/month", "sourceId": "wherenext-city-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "countryCostIndex": { "value": 28, "unit": "index (US=100)", "sourceId": "wherenext-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "country" } }, "safety": { "homicideRate": { "value": 4.1, "unit": "per 100k/year", "sourceId": "who-gho-homicide", "asOf": "2021", "level": "country" }, "politicalStability": { "value": 55.5, "unit": "score 0-100", "sourceId": "worldbank-wgi", "asOf": "2024", "level": "country" } }, "healthcare": { "uhcIndex": { "value": 67, "unit": "index 0-100", "sourceId": "who-gho-uhc", "asOf": "2023", "level": "country" }, "lifeExpectancy": { "value": 68.3, "unit": "years", "sourceId": "who-gho-life", "asOf": "2021", "level": "country" } }, "internet": { 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"wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "internationalDestinations": { "value": 50, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "usNonstopAirports": { "value": 0, "unit": "US airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "airports": [ "CGK" ], "airportDetails": [ { "iata": "CGK", "name": "Soekarno–Hatta International Airport", "destinations": 98, "international": 50, "usNonstop": 0 } ], "walkability": { "value": 1, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" }, "transit": { "value": 3, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" } }, "climate": { "monthly": [ { "month": 1, "meanTempC": 26.9, "precipMm": 353, "humidityPct": 84 }, { "month": 2, "meanTempC": 26.8, "precipMm": 386, "humidityPct": 86 }, { "month": 3, "meanTempC": 27.2, "precipMm": 248, "humidityPct": 84 }, { "month": 4, "meanTempC": 27.6, "precipMm": 197, "humidityPct": 83 }, { "month": 5, "meanTempC": 27.8, "precipMm": 141, "humidityPct": 83 }, { "month": 6, "meanTempC": 27.3, "precipMm": 95, "humidityPct": 82 }, { "month": 7, "meanTempC": 26.8, "precipMm": 89, "humidityPct": 80 }, { "month": 8, "meanTempC": 26.8, "precipMm": 49, "humidityPct": 78 }, { "month": 9, "meanTempC": 27.5, "precipMm": 66, "humidityPct": 76 }, { "month": 10, "meanTempC": 28, "precipMm": 134, "humidityPct": 76 }, { "month": 11, "meanTempC": 27.9, "precipMm": 198, "humidityPct": 79 }, { "month": 12, "meanTempC": 27.3, "precipMm": 244, "humidityPct": 83 } ], "sourceId": "nasa-power", "asOf": "2001", "level": "city" }, "air": { "pm25": { "value": 33.8, "unit": "µg/m³", "sourceId": "who-aaq-2026", "asOf": "2021", "level": "city" } }, "qualityOfLife": { "hdi": { "value": 0.728, "unit": "index 0-1", "sourceId": "undp-hdr-2025", "asOf": "2023", "level": "country" }, "efEpiBand": { "value": "low", "unit": "band", "sourceId": "ef-epi-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "country" } } }, "editorial": { "tagline": "Indonesia's megacity, cheap and chaotic", "summary": "Jakarta is one of the cheapest megacities anywhere with a startup scene and expanding rail. Traffic, flooding and air quality are serious daily trade-offs.", "knownFor": [ "Very low cost", "Malls and food", "Growing MRT", "Traffic and floods" ], "sourceId": "navoy-editorial" }, "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "scores": { "factors": { "cost": 61.1, "safety": 50.1, "healthcare": 53.3, "internet": 46.1, "visa": 21.7, "mobility": 23.9, "climate": 50, "air": 36, "qualityOfLife": 44.5 }, "balanced": 43 } }, { "slug": "jeddah", "name": "Jeddah", "country": { "name": "Saudi Arabia", "iso2": "SA", "iso3": "SAU" }, "region": "middle-east", "lat": 21.5433, "lng": 39.1728, "timezone": "Asia/Riyadh", "currency": "SAR", "population": { "value": 3751722, "unit": "people", "sourceId": "population-wikipedia", "asOf": "2022", "level": "city" }, "hero": { "src": null, "credit": "", "license": "", "sourceUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah" }, "metrics": { "cost": { "monthlyTotalUsd": { "value": 1823, "unit": "USD/month", "sourceId": "wherenext-city-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" 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"years", "sourceId": "who-gho-life", "asOf": "2021", "level": "country" } }, "internet": { "downloadMbps": { "value": 10.9, "unit": "Mbps", "sourceId": "mlab-ndt-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" }, "uploadMbps": { "value": 6.5, "unit": "Mbps", "sourceId": "mlab-ndt-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" }, "sampleCount": { "value": 40859, "unit": "tests", "sourceId": "mlab-ndt-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" } }, "visa": { "nomadVisa": { "exists": false, "name": null, "incomeThresholdUsdMonthly": null, "leadsToPermanentResidence": null, "sourceId": "wheretoemigrate-dnv-2026", "asOf": "2026-07" }, "visaFreeDays": { "us": { "value": 0, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" }, "eu": { "value": 0, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" }, "uk": { "value": 0, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" } } }, "mobility": { "destinations": { "value": 147, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "internationalDestinations": { "value": 110, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "usNonstopAirports": { "value": 3, "unit": "US airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "airports": [ "JED" ], "airportDetails": [ { "iata": "JED", "name": "King Abdulaziz International Airport", "destinations": 147, "international": 110, "usNonstop": 3 } ], "walkability": { "value": 2, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" }, "transit": { "value": 2, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" } }, "climate": { "monthly": [ { "month": 1, "meanTempC": 23.4, "precipMm": 7, "humidityPct": 54 }, { "month": 2, "meanTempC": 24.6, "precipMm": 1, "humidityPct": 52 }, { "month": 3, "meanTempC": 26.7, "precipMm": 1, "humidityPct": 46 }, { "month": 4, "meanTempC": 29.8, "precipMm": 5, "humidityPct": 41 }, { "month": 5, "meanTempC": 32.8, "precipMm": 2, "humidityPct": 36 }, { "month": 6, "meanTempC": 34.1, "precipMm": 1, "humidityPct": 35 }, { "month": 7, "meanTempC": 34.5, "precipMm": 0, "humidityPct": 38 }, { "month": 8, "meanTempC": 34.3, "precipMm": 0, "humidityPct": 46 }, { "month": 9, "meanTempC": 33.7, "precipMm": 1, "humidityPct": 46 }, { "month": 10, "meanTempC": 31.6, "precipMm": 3, "humidityPct": 45 }, { "month": 11, "meanTempC": 28.2, "precipMm": 12, "humidityPct": 52 }, { "month": 12, "meanTempC": 25.3, "precipMm": 5, "humidityPct": 54 } ], "sourceId": "nasa-power", "asOf": "2001", "level": "city" }, "air": { "pm25": { "value": 21.1, "unit": "µg/m³", "sourceId": "acag-satpm25", "asOf": "2023", "level": "city" } }, "qualityOfLife": { "hdi": { "value": 0.9, "unit": "index 0-1", "sourceId": "undp-hdr-2025", "asOf": "2023", "level": "country" }, "efEpiBand": { "value": "very-low", "unit": "band", "sourceId": "ef-epi-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "country" } } }, "editorial": { "tagline": "Saudi Arabia's Red Sea port and its most relaxed city", "summary": "Jeddah is Saudi Arabia's Red Sea gateway and its most open city, with a UNESCO old town, a long corniche and world-class diving. It is car-dependent, hot and humid, and changing fast.", "knownFor": [ "Red Sea corniche", "Al-Balad old town", "Diving", "More liberal than Riyadh" ], "sourceId": "navoy-editorial" }, "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "scores": { "factors": { "cost": 40.9, "safety": 64.6, "healthcare": 76.4, "internet": 38.3, "visa": 6, "mobility": 30.9, "climate": 33.3, "air": 64.2, "qualityOfLife": 63.9 }, "balanced": 46.5 } }, { "slug": "jeju", "name": "Jeju City", "country": { "name": "South Korea", "iso2": "KR", "iso3": "KOR" }, "region": "asia", "lat": 33.4996, "lng": 126.5312, "timezone": "Asia/Seoul", "currency": "KRW", "population": { "value": 492466, "unit": "people", "sourceId": "population-wikipedia", "asOf": "2020", "level": "city" }, "hero": { "src": null, "credit": "", "license": "", "sourceUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_City" }, "metrics": { "cost": { "monthlyTotalUsd": { "value": 2250, "unit": "USD/month", "sourceId": "wherenext-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "country" }, "rent1brUsd": { "value": null, "unit": "USD/month", "sourceId": "wheretoemigrate-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city", "nullReason": "no city-level rent row in the WhereToEmigrate dataset" }, "rentOutskirts1brUsd": { "value": null, "unit": "USD/month", "sourceId": "wheretoemigrate-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city", "nullReason": "no city-level rent in WhereToEmigrate or WhereNext" }, "countryCostIndex": { "value": 62, "unit": "index (US=100)", "sourceId": "wherenext-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "country" } }, "safety": { "homicideRate": { "value": 0.7, "unit": "per 100k/year", "sourceId": "who-gho-homicide", "asOf": "2021", "level": "country" }, "politicalStability": { "value": 76.8, "unit": "score 0-100", "sourceId": "worldbank-wgi", "asOf": "2024", "level": "country" } }, "healthcare": { "uhcIndex": { "value": 88, "unit": "index 0-100", "sourceId": "who-gho-uhc", "asOf": "2023", "level": "country" }, "lifeExpectancy": { "value": 83.8, "unit": "years", "sourceId": "who-gho-life", "asOf": "2021", "level": "country" } }, "internet": { "downloadMbps": { "value": 85, "unit": "Mbps", "sourceId": "mlab-ndt-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" }, "uploadMbps": { "value": 87, "unit": "Mbps", "sourceId": "mlab-ndt-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" }, "sampleCount": { "value": 1927, "unit": "tests", "sourceId": "mlab-ndt-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" } }, "visa": { "nomadVisa": { "exists": false, "name": null, "incomeThresholdUsdMonthly": null, "leadsToPermanentResidence": null, "sourceId": "wheretoemigrate-dnv-2026", "asOf": "2026-07" }, "visaFreeDays": { "us": { "value": 90, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" }, "eu": { "value": 90, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" }, "uk": { "value": 90, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" } } }, "mobility": { "destinations": { "value": 38, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "internationalDestinations": { "value": 25, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "usNonstopAirports": { "value": 0, "unit": "US airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "airports": [ "CJU" ], "airportDetails": [ { "iata": "CJU", "name": "Jeju International Airport", "destinations": 38, "international": 25, "usNonstop": 0 } ], "walkability": { "value": 3, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" }, "transit": { "value": 3, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" } }, "climate": { "monthly": [ { "month": 1, "meanTempC": 7.4, "precipMm": 50, "humidityPct": 77 }, { "month": 2, "meanTempC": 7.9, "precipMm": 66, "humidityPct": 75 }, { "month": 3, "meanTempC": 9.9, "precipMm": 90, 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"unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "internationalDestinations": { "value": 7, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "usNonstopAirports": { "value": 0, "unit": "US airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "airports": [ "KGL" ], "airportDetails": [ { "iata": "KGL", "name": "Kigali International Airport", "destinations": 8, "international": 7, "usNonstop": 0 } ], "walkability": { "value": 2, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" }, "transit": { "value": 2, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" } }, "climate": { "monthly": [ { "month": 1, "meanTempC": 20.3, "precipMm": 96, "humidityPct": 74 }, { "month": 2, "meanTempC": 20.8, "precipMm": 102, "humidityPct": 72 }, { "month": 3, "meanTempC": 20.3, "precipMm": 153, "humidityPct": 76 }, { "month": 4, "meanTempC": 19.5, "precipMm": 178, "humidityPct": 82 }, { "month": 5, "meanTempC": 19.2, "precipMm": 139, "humidityPct": 82 }, { "month": 6, "meanTempC": 18.8, "precipMm": 50, "humidityPct": 74 }, { "month": 7, "meanTempC": 19, "precipMm": 31, "humidityPct": 66 }, { "month": 8, "meanTempC": 20.1, "precipMm": 56, "humidityPct": 65 }, { "month": 9, "meanTempC": 20.5, "precipMm": 88, "humidityPct": 68 }, { "month": 10, "meanTempC": 20.1, "precipMm": 129, "humidityPct": 74 }, { "month": 11, "meanTempC": 19.4, "precipMm": 160, "humidityPct": 79 }, { "month": 12, "meanTempC": 19.7, "precipMm": 109, "humidityPct": 77 } ], "sourceId": "nasa-power", "asOf": "2001", "level": "city" }, "air": { "pm25": { "value": 27.5, "unit": "µg/m³", "sourceId": "kigali-pm25-study", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" } }, "qualityOfLife": { "hdi": { "value": 0.578, "unit": "index 0-1", "sourceId": "undp-hdr-2025", "asOf": "2023", "level": "country" }, "efEpiBand": { "value": "low", "unit": 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"value": 90, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" } } }, "mobility": { "destinations": { "value": 29, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "internationalDestinations": { "value": 18, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "usNonstopAirports": { "value": 0, "unit": "US airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "airports": [ "LJU" ], "airportDetails": [ { "iata": "LJU", "name": "Ljubljana Airport", "destinations": 29, "international": 18, "usNonstop": 0 } ], "walkability": { "value": 5, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" }, "transit": { "value": 3, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" } }, "climate": { "monthly": [ { "month": 1, "meanTempC": -1.2, "precipMm": 60, 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"value": 303, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "usNonstopAirports": { "value": 33, "unit": "US airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "airports": [ "LHR", "LGW", "STN", "LTN" ], "airportDetails": [ { "iata": "LHR", "name": "Heathrow Airport", "destinations": 227, "international": 176, "usNonstop": 32 }, { "iata": "LGW", "name": "Gatwick Airport", "destinations": 228, "international": 166, "usNonstop": 5 }, { "iata": "STN", "name": "London Stansted Airport", "destinations": 200, "international": 120, "usNonstop": 0 }, { "iata": "LTN", "name": "Luton Airport", "destinations": 138, "international": 84, "usNonstop": 0 } ], "walkability": { "value": 4, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" }, "transit": { "value": 5, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" } }, "climate": { 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"precipMm": 59, "humidityPct": 83 }, { "month": 4, "meanTempC": 11, "precipMm": 62, "humidityPct": 77 }, { "month": 5, "meanTempC": 15.7, "precipMm": 92, "humidityPct": 74 }, { "month": 6, "meanTempC": 20.3, "precipMm": 86, "humidityPct": 69 }, { "month": 7, "meanTempC": 22.8, "precipMm": 82, "humidityPct": 63 }, { "month": 8, "meanTempC": 22.4, "precipMm": 83, "humidityPct": 62 }, { "month": 9, "meanTempC": 16.6, "precipMm": 107, "humidityPct": 71 }, { "month": 10, "meanTempC": 11.1, "precipMm": 83, "humidityPct": 82 }, { "month": 11, "meanTempC": 5.6, "precipMm": 80, "humidityPct": 90 }, { "month": 12, "meanTempC": 0.5, "precipMm": 63, "humidityPct": 92 } ], "sourceId": "nasa-power", "asOf": "2001", "level": "city" }, "air": { "pm25": { "value": 13.9, "unit": "µg/m³", "sourceId": "who-aaq-2026", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" } }, "qualityOfLife": { "hdi": { "value": 0.889, "unit": "index 0-1", "sourceId": "undp-hdr-2025", "asOf": "2023", "level": "country" }, "efEpiBand": { "value": "very-high", "unit": "band", "sourceId": "ef-epi-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "country" } } }, "editorial": { "tagline": "Central European feel with a nomad permit", "summary": "Zagreb offers Croatia's digital nomad permit with a cheaper, less seasonal life than the coast. Café culture is strong; the sea is two hours away.", "knownFor": [ "Café culture", "Christmas market", "Croatian nomad permit", "Inland, no coast" ], "sourceId": "navoy-editorial" }, "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "scores": { "factors": { "cost": 40.9, "safety": 83.4, "healthcare": 73, "internet": 73, "visa": 84.2, "mobility": 38.9, "climate": 41.7, "air": 80.2, "qualityOfLife": 86.3 }, "balanced": 66.8 } }, { "slug": "zanzibar-city", "name": "Zanzibar City", "country": { "name": "Tanzania", "iso2": "TZ", "iso3": "TZA" }, "region": "africa", "lat": -6.1659, "lng": 39.2026, "timezone": "Africa/Dar_es_Salaam", "currency": "TZS", "population": { "value": 219007, "unit": "people", "sourceId": "population-wikipedia", "asOf": "2022", "level": "city" }, "hero": { "src": null, "credit": "", "license": "", "sourceUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar_City" }, "metrics": { "cost": { "monthlyTotalUsd": { "value": null, "unit": "USD/month", "sourceId": "wherenext-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "country", "nullReason": "no WhereNext row for TZ" }, "rent1brUsd": { "value": null, "unit": "USD/month", "sourceId": "wheretoemigrate-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city", "nullReason": "no city-level rent row in the WhereToEmigrate dataset" }, "rentOutskirts1brUsd": { "value": null, "unit": "USD/month", "sourceId": "wheretoemigrate-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city", "nullReason": "no city-level rent in WhereToEmigrate or WhereNext" }, "countryCostIndex": { "value": null, "unit": "index (US=100)", "sourceId": "wherenext-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "country", "nullReason": "no WhereNext row for TZ" } }, "safety": { "homicideRate": { "value": 8.3, "unit": "per 100k/year", "sourceId": "who-gho-homicide", "asOf": "2021", "level": "country" }, "politicalStability": { "value": 59.2, "unit": "score 0-100", "sourceId": "worldbank-wgi", "asOf": "2024", "level": "country" } }, "healthcare": { "uhcIndex": { "value": 49, "unit": "index 0-100", "sourceId": "who-gho-uhc", "asOf": "2023", "level": "country" }, "lifeExpectancy": { "value": 66.8, "unit": "years", "sourceId": "who-gho-life", "asOf": "2021", "level": "country" } }, "internet": { "downloadMbps": { "value": 2.6, "unit": "Mbps", "sourceId": "mlab-ndt-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" }, "uploadMbps": { "value": 1.5, "unit": "Mbps", "sourceId": "mlab-ndt-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" }, "sampleCount": { "value": 1743, "unit": "tests", "sourceId": "mlab-ndt-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" } }, "visa": { "nomadVisa": { "exists": false, "name": null, "incomeThresholdUsdMonthly": null, "leadsToPermanentResidence": null, "sourceId": "wheretoemigrate-dnv-2026", "asOf": "2026-07" }, "visaFreeDays": { "us": { "value": 0, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" }, "eu": { "value": 0, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" }, "uk": { "value": 0, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" } } }, "mobility": { "destinations": { "value": 32, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-08", "level": "city" }, "internationalDestinations": { "value": 16, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-08", "level": "city" }, "usNonstopAirports": { "value": 0, "unit": "US airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-08", "level": "city" }, "airports": [ "ZNZ" ], "airportDetails": [ { "iata": "ZNZ", "name": "Abeid Amani Karume International Airport", "destinations": 32, "international": 16, "usNonstop": 0 } ], "walkability": { "value": 4, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" }, "transit": { "value": 1, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" } }, "climate": { "monthly": [ { "month": 1, "meanTempC": 28.1, "precipMm": 62, "humidityPct": 77 }, { "month": 2, "meanTempC": 28.4, "precipMm": 51, "humidityPct": 76 }, { "month": 3, "meanTempC": 28.6, "precipMm": 119, "humidityPct": 76 }, { "month": 4, "meanTempC": 28.2, "precipMm": 256, "humidityPct": 79 }, { "month": 5, "meanTempC": 27.2, "precipMm": 186, "humidityPct": 79 }, { "month": 6, "meanTempC": 26.2, "precipMm": 29, "humidityPct": 76 }, { "month": 7, "meanTempC": 25.5, "precipMm": 13, "humidityPct": 74 }, { "month": 8, "meanTempC": 25.5, "precipMm": 14, "humidityPct": 74 }, { "month": 9, "meanTempC": 26, "precipMm": 22, "humidityPct": 74 }, { "month": 10, "meanTempC": 26.9, "precipMm": 64, "humidityPct": 74 }, { "month": 11, "meanTempC": 27.8, "precipMm": 101, "humidityPct": 75 }, { "month": 12, "meanTempC": 28.3, "precipMm": 92, "humidityPct": 76 } ], "sourceId": "nasa-power", "asOf": "2001", "level": "city" }, "air": { "pm25": { "value": 17.9, "unit": "µg/m³", "sourceId": "acag-satpm25", "asOf": "2023", "level": "city" } }, "qualityOfLife": { "hdi": { "value": 0.555, "unit": "index 0-1", "sourceId": "undp-hdr-2025", "asOf": "2023", "level": "country" }, "efEpiBand": { "value": "low", "unit": "band", "sourceId": "ef-epi-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "country" } } }, "editorial": { "tagline": "Stone Town and the island beaches beyond", "summary": "Zanzibar City is the Stone Town gateway to an island whose east-coast villages have grown a kitesurfing and nomad scene. Costs are moderate for Africa, and the island is an hour's flight or ferry from Dar es Salaam.", "knownFor": [ "UNESCO Stone Town", "Beaches an hour away", "Nomad community in Paje", "Swahili culture" ], "sourceId": "navoy-editorial" }, "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "scores": { "factors": { "cost": null, "safety": 44.6, "healthcare": 40, "internet": 6.2, "visa": 6, "mobility": 19.5, "climate": 50, "air": 71.3, "qualityOfLife": 19 }, "balanced": 32.1 } }, { "slug": "zurich", "name": "Zürich", "country": { "name": "Switzerland", "iso2": "CH", "iso3": "CHE" }, "region": "europe", "lat": 47.3769, "lng": 8.5417, "timezone": "Europe/Zurich", "currency": "CHF", "population": { "value": 436332, "unit": "people", "sourceId": "population-wikipedia", "asOf": "2023", "level": "city" }, "hero": { "src": null, "credit": "", "license": "", "sourceUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" }, "metrics": { "cost": { "monthlyTotalUsd": { "value": 4665, "unit": "USD/month", "sourceId": "wheretoemigrate-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-07", "level": "city" }, "rent1brUsd": { "value": 2786, "unit": "USD/month", "sourceId": "wheretoemigrate-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-07", "level": "city" }, "rentOutskirts1brUsd": { "value": 2125, "unit": "USD/month", "sourceId": "wheretoemigrate-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-07", "level": "city" }, "countryCostIndex": { "value": 109, "unit": "index (US=100)", "sourceId": "wherenext-col-2026", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "country" } }, "safety": { "homicideRate": { "value": 0.4, "unit": "per 100k/year", "sourceId": "who-gho-homicide", "asOf": "2021", "level": "country" }, "politicalStability": { "value": 82.6, "unit": "score 0-100", "sourceId": "worldbank-wgi", "asOf": "2024", "level": "country" } }, "healthcare": { "uhcIndex": { "value": 87, "unit": "index 0-100", "sourceId": "who-gho-uhc", "asOf": "2023", "level": "country" }, "lifeExpectancy": { "value": 83.3, "unit": "years", "sourceId": "who-gho-life", "asOf": "2021", "level": "country" } }, "internet": { "downloadMbps": { "value": 64.3, "unit": "Mbps", "sourceId": "mlab-ndt-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" }, "uploadMbps": { "value": 25.8, "unit": "Mbps", "sourceId": "mlab-ndt-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" }, "sampleCount": { "value": 49819, "unit": "tests", "sourceId": "mlab-ndt-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" } }, "visa": { "nomadVisa": { "exists": false, "name": null, "incomeThresholdUsdMonthly": null, "leadsToPermanentResidence": null, "sourceId": "wheretoemigrate-dnv-2026", "asOf": "2026-07" }, "visaFreeDays": { "us": { "value": 90, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" }, "eu": { "value": 365, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" }, "uk": { "value": 90, "unit": "days", "sourceId": "passport-index-2026", "asOf": "2026-02", "level": "country" } } }, "mobility": { "destinations": { "value": 3, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "internationalDestinations": { "value": 3, "unit": "airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "usNonstopAirports": { "value": 0, "unit": "US airports", "sourceId": "wikipedia-airports", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "city" }, "airports": [ "ZRH" ], "airportDetails": [ { "iata": "ZRH", "name": "Zurich Airport", "destinations": 3, "international": 3, "usNonstop": 0 } ], "walkability": { "value": 5, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" }, "transit": { "value": 5, "unit": "score 1-5", "sourceId": "mobility-editorial", "asOf": "2026-09", "level": "editorial" } }, "climate": { "monthly": [ { "month": 1, "meanTempC": -0.7, "precipMm": 94, "humidityPct": 88 }, { "month": 2, "meanTempC": 0.1, "precipMm": 73, "humidityPct": 86 }, { "month": 3, "meanTempC": 4.4, "precipMm": 91, "humidityPct": 82 }, { "month": 4, "meanTempC": 8.9, "precipMm": 91, "humidityPct": 79 }, { "month": 5, "meanTempC": 13.1, "precipMm": 141, "humidityPct": 79 }, { "month": 6, "meanTempC": 17.1, "precipMm": 139, "humidityPct": 78 }, { "month": 7, "meanTempC": 18.7, "precipMm": 144, "humidityPct": 77 }, { "month": 8, "meanTempC": 18.2, "precipMm": 146, "humidityPct": 79 }, { "month": 9, "meanTempC": 14.1, "precipMm": 103, "humidityPct": 82 }, { "month": 10, "meanTempC": 9.8, "precipMm": 100, "humidityPct": 85 }, { "month": 11, "meanTempC": 4.3, "precipMm": 87, "humidityPct": 88 }, { "month": 12, "meanTempC": 0.2, "precipMm": 102, "humidityPct": 88 } ], "sourceId": "nasa-power", "asOf": "2001", "level": "city" }, "air": { "pm25": { "value": 7.6, "unit": "µg/m³", "sourceId": "who-aaq-2026", "asOf": "2024", "level": "city" } }, "qualityOfLife": { "hdi": { "value": 0.97, "unit": "index 0-1", "sourceId": "undp-hdr-2025", "asOf": "2023", "level": "country" }, "efEpiBand": { "value": "high", "unit": "band", "sourceId": "ef-epi-2024", "asOf": "2024", "level": "country" } } }, "editorial": { "tagline": "Immaculate, efficient, and eye-wateringly expensive", "summary": "Zürich is orderly, safe and stunning, with lake swimming in summer and skiing an hour away. Prices are the highest in this dataset; it works for people paid in francs.", "knownFor": [ "Highest salaries", "Lake swimming", "Trains everywhere", "Highest prices" ], "sourceId": "navoy-editorial" }, "updatedAt": "2026-09-26", "scores": { "factors": { "cost": 0, "safety": 93.2, "healthcare": 90.2, "internet": 76.3, "visa": 90, "mobility": 40.4, "climate": 25, "air": 94.2, "qualityOfLife": 93.7 }, "balanced": 67 } } ] }